ANSI Common Lisp
Artificial intelligence: a new synthesis
Artificial intelligence: a new synthesis
OKBC: a programmatic foundation for knowledge base interoperability
AAAI '98/IAAI '98 Proceedings of the fifteenth national/tenth conference on Artificial intelligence/Innovative applications of artificial intelligence
Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp
Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp
The Elements of Artificial Intelligence Using Common LISP
The Elements of Artificial Intelligence Using Common LISP
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
Practical Common Lisp
Pushing the envelope: challenges in a frame-based representation of human anatomy
Data & Knowledge Engineering
A reference ontology for biomedical informatics: the foundational model of anatomy
Journal of Biomedical Informatics - Special issue: Unified medical language system
Journal of Biomedical Informatics - Special issue: Unified medical language system
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
Guest Editorial: Special Issue on Auditing of Terminologies
Journal of Biomedical Informatics
Development and evaluation of an ontology for guiding appropriate antibiotic prescribing
Journal of Biomedical Informatics
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Biomedical ontologies are envisioned to be useable in a range of research and clinical applications. The requirements for such uses include formal consistency, adequacy of coverage, and possibly other domain specific constraints. In this report we describe a case study that illustrates how application specific requirements may be used to identify modeling problems as well as data entry errors in ontology building and evolution. We have begun a project to use the UW Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA) in a clinical application in radiation therapy planning. This application focuses mainly (but not exclusively) on the representation of the lymphatic system in the FMA, in order to predict the spread of tumor cells to regional metastatic sites. This application requires that the downstream relations associated with lymphatic system components must only be to other lymphatic chains or vessels, must be at the appropriate level of granularity, and that every path through the lymphatic system must terminate at one of the two well known trunks of the lymphatic system. It is possible through a programmable query interface to the FMA to write small programs that systematically audit the FMA for compliance with these constraints. We report on the design of some of these programs, and the results we obtained by applying them to the lymphatic system. The algorithms and approach are generalizable to other network organ systems in the FMA such as arteries and veins. In addition to illustrating exact constraint checking methods, this work illustrates how the details of an application may reflect back a requirement to revise the design of the ontology itself.