A reference ontology for biomedical informatics: the foundational model of anatomy
Journal of Biomedical Informatics - Special issue: Unified medical language system
Obol: integrating language and meaning in bio-ontologies: Conference Papers
Comparative and Functional Genomics
The Success of Open Source
Epoch: an ontological framework to support clinical trials management
HIKM '06 Proceedings of the international workshop on Healthcare information and knowledge management
Simplifying access to large-scale health care and life sciences datasets
ESWC'08 Proceedings of the 5th European semantic web conference on The semantic web: research and applications
Ontology engineering, scientific method and the research agenda
EKAW'06 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Managing Knowledge in a World of Networks
Applying evolutionary terminology auditing to the Gene Ontology
Journal of Biomedical Informatics
Introduction: Ontologies, Semantic Technologies, and Intelligence
Proceedings of the 2010 conference on Ontologies and Semantic Technologies for Intelligence
Dependencies between ontology design parameters
International Journal of Metadata, Semantics and Ontologies
Using an ECG reference ontology for semantic interoperability of ECG data
Journal of Biomedical Informatics
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Increasingly, in data-intensive areas of the life sciences, experimental results are being described in algorithmically useful ways with the help of ontologies. Such ontologies are authored and maintained by scientists to support the retrieval, integration and analysis of their data. The proposition to be defended here is that ontologies of this type --the Gene Ontology (GO) being the most conspicuous example --are a part of science. Initial evidence for the truth of this proposition (which some will find self-evident) is the increasing recognition of the importance of empirically-based methods of evaluation to the ontology development work being undertaken in support of scientific research. Ontologies created by scientists must, of course, be associated with implementations satisfying the requirements of software engineering. But the ontologies are not themselves engineering artifacts, and to conceive them as such brings grievous consequences. Rather, ontologies such as the GO are in different respects comparable to scientific theories, to scientific databases, and to scientific journal publications. Such a view implies a new conception of what is involved in the authoring, maintenance and application of ontologies in scientific contexts, and therewith also a new approach to the evaluation of ontologies and to the training of ontologists.