An evaluation of retrieval effectiveness for a full-text document-retrieval system
Communications of the ACM
Conceptual organization of case law knowledge bases
ICAIL '87 Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Artificial intelligence and law
Toward an intelligent tutoring system for teaching law students to argue with cases
ICAIL '91 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Artificial intelligence and law
Beyond boolean search: FLEXICON, a legal tex-based intelligent system
ICAIL '91 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Artificial intelligence and law
Representation of legal text for conceptual retrieval
ICAIL '91 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Artificial intelligence and law
Inference networks for document retrieval
Inference networks for document retrieval
The role of attorney mental models of law in case relevance determinations: an exploratory analysis
Journal of the American Society for Information Science - Special issue: relevance research
Natural language vs. Boolean query evaluation: a comparison of retrieval performance
SIGIR '94 Proceedings of the 17th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
The use of lexicons in information retrieval in legal databases
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Artificial intelligence and law
Improving the representation of legal case texts with information extraction methods
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Artificial intelligence and law
First steps in building a model for the retrieval of court decisions
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Using Machine Learning for Assigning Indices to Textual Cases
ICCBR '97 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning Research and Development
Concept-based ranking: a case study in the juridical domain
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal - Special issue: Bayesian networks and information retrieval
Automatic semantics extraction in law documents
ICAIL '05 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Artificial intelligence and law
Question answering based on semantic structures
COLING '04 Proceedings of the 20th international conference on Computational Linguistics
Query phrase expansion using wikipedia in patent class search
AIRS'11 Proceedings of the 7th Asia conference on Information Retrieval Technology
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There exist two broad approaches to information retrieval (IR) in the legal domain: those based on manual knowledge engineering (KE) and those based on natural language processing (NLP). The KE approach is grounded in artificial intelligence (AI) and case-based reasoning (CBR), whilst the NLP approach is associated with open domain statistical retrieval. We provide some original arguments regarding the focus on KE-based retrieval in the past and why this is not sustainable in the long term. Legal approaches to questioning (NLP), rather than arguing (CBR), are proposed as the appropriate jurisprudential and cognitive underpinning for legal IR. Recall within the context of precision is proposed as a better fit to law than the 'total recall' model of the past, wherein conceptual and contextual search are combined to improve retrieval performance for both parties in a dispute.