Mind over machine: the power of human intuition and expertise in the era of the computer
Mind over machine: the power of human intuition and expertise in the era of the computer
Learning, development, and production systems
Production system models of learning and development
Unified theories of cognition
What computers still can't do: a critique of artificial reason
What computers still can't do: a critique of artificial reason
Practical Issues in Temporal Difference Learning
Machine Learning
Using knowledge about the opponent in game-tree search
Using knowledge about the opponent in game-tree search
Expertise, models of learning and computer-based tutoring
Computers & Education
Artificial Intelligence - Chips challenging champions: games, computers and Artificial Intelligence
An Active Symbols Theory of Chess Intuition
Minds and Machines
Human Problem Solving
Cognitive Systems Research
Teaching the novice programmer: A study of instructional sequences and perception
Education and Information Technologies
Formation of Novice Business Students' Mental Models Through Simulation Gaming
Simulation and Gaming
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Several authors have hailed intuition as one of the defining features of expertise. In particular, while disagreeing on almost anything that touches on human cognition and artificial intelligence, Hubert Dreyfus and Herbert Simon agreed on this point. However, the highly influential theories of intuition they proposed differed in major ways, especially with respect to the role given to search and as to whether intuition is holistic or analytic. Both theories suffer from empirical weaknesses. In this paper, we show how, with some additions, a recent theory of expert memory (the template theory) offers a coherent and wide-ranging explanation of intuition in expert behaviour. It is shown that the theory accounts for the key features of intuition: it explains the rapid onset of intuition and its perceptual nature, provides mechanisms for learning, incorporates processes showing how perception is linked to action and emotion, and how experts capture the entirety of a situation. In doing so, the new theory addresses the issues problematic for Dreyfus's and Simon's theories. Implications for research and practice are discussed.