Attention, intentions, and the structure of discourse
Computational Linguistics
Speech patterns in video-mediated conversations
CHI '92 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
CSCL '95 The first international conference on Computer support for collaborative learning
The proximity factor: impact of distance on co-located collaboration
GROUP '05 Proceedings of the 2005 international ACM SIGGROUP conference on Supporting group work
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This paper investigates the role of gaze and gesture when subjects were collaboratively solving physics problems with a computer. The results indicate that gesturing has an important role to play when subjects are discussing collisions since they use their hands to denote speed and force of an impact. More surprisingly, however, gesturing was also associated with problem solving success when subjects were supporting one another with very positive feedback and also when disagreements arose between them. Mutual gesturing also impacted upon the planning process of the investigation. However, more mutual gesturing and gazing occurred with female pairs rather than male and mixed gender dyads. Problem solving success also correlated with gaze which again was associated with cognitive planning and the provision of positive and negative feedback among partners. To conclude our main finding is that differences in non-verbal communication strategies effect not only the strategies that progress the collaborative process but more importantly also those that influence the understanding of the problem space. These results suggest the quality of video linkage will play an important role in collaborative solving for distance learners.