The media equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places
Are computers scapegoats?: attributions of responsibility in human-computer interaction
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
DIS '02 Proceedings of the 4th conference on Designing interactive systems: processes, practices, methods, and techniques
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Social psychologists have documented that people attribute a human-like agency to computers. Work in human motor cognition has identified a related effect known as "intentional binding" that may help explain this phenomenon. Briefly, intentional binding refers to an unconscious attribution of agency to sufficiently complex entities in our environments that influences how we perceive and interact with those entities. Two studies are presented that examine whether intentional binding, an agency effect observed when people interact with physical objects, also applies in virtual environments typical of human-computer interaction (HCI). Results of the studies indicate that agency effects are observed in human-computer interaction but these effects differ from those reported in physical environments. Results of the studies suggest that human perception and action may operate differently in virtual environments than in physical interactions.