The universal Turing machine (2nd ed.): a half-century survey
The universal Turing machine (2nd ed.): a half-century survey
5-Symbol 8-State and 5-Symbol 6-State Universal Turing Machines
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
A new kind of science
Donald Michie: Secrets of Colossus Revealed
IEEE Intelligent Systems
ASAP '96 Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Application-Specific Systems, Architectures, and Processors
Colossus: Its Origins and Originators
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
The Design of Colossus (foreword by Howard Campaigne)
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
The Installation and Maintenance of Colossus
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
Early Work on Computers at Bletchley
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
The complexity of small universal Turing machines: A survey
Theoretical Computer Science
Colossus: The secrets of Bletchley Park's code-breaking computers
Colossus: The secrets of Bletchley Park's code-breaking computers
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Colossus, the first electronic digital (and very unconventional) computer, was not a stored-program general purpose computer in the modern sense, although there are printed claims to the contrary. At least one of these asserts Colossus was a Turing machine. Certainly, an appropriate Turing machine can simulate the operation of Colossus. That is hardly an argument for generality of computation. But this is: a universal Turing machine could have been implemented on a clustering of the ten Colossus machines installed at Bletchley Park, England, by the end of WWII in 1945. Along with the presentation of this result, several improvements in input, output, and speed, within the hardware capability and specification of Colossus are discussed.