Readings in knowledge acquisition and learning: automating the construction and improvement of expert systems
Building natural language generation systems
Building natural language generation systems
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue on collaboration, cooperation and conflict in dialogue systems
Handbook for Evaluating Knowledge-Based Systems: Conceptual Framework and Compendium of Methods
Handbook for Evaluating Knowledge-Based Systems: Conceptual Framework and Compendium of Methods
A Practical Guide to Knowledge Acquisition
A Practical Guide to Knowledge Acquisition
Knowledge-Based Systems in Artificial Intelligence: 2 Case Studies
Knowledge-Based Systems in Artificial Intelligence: 2 Case Studies
Using Natural-Language Processing to Produce Weather Forecasts
IEEE Expert: Intelligent Systems and Their Applications
Squibs and discussions: human variation and lexical choice
Computational Linguistics - Summarization
Lessons from a failure: generating tailored smoking cessation letters
Artificial Intelligence
Practical issues in automatic documentation generation
ANLC '94 Proceedings of the fourth conference on Applied natural language processing
Customizable descriptions of object-oriented models
ANLC '97 Proceedings of the fifth conference on Applied natural language processing
Summarizing neonatal time series data
EACL '03 Proceedings of the tenth conference on European chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics - Volume 2
Extracting paraphrases from a parallel corpus
ACL '01 Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Empirically estimating order constraints for content planning in generation
ACL '01 Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Generation of VP ellipsis: a corpus-based approach
ACL '01 Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Knowledge acquisition for natural language generation
INLG '00 Proceedings of the first international conference on Natural language generation - Volume 14
Speech and Language Processing (2nd Edition)
Speech and Language Processing (2nd Edition)
Generating English summaries of time series data using the Gricean maxims
Proceedings of the ninth ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining
Learning the meaning and usage of time phrases from a parallel text-data corpus
HLT-NAACL-LWM '04 Proceedings of the HLT-NAACL 2003 workshop on Learning word meaning from non-linguistic data - Volume 6
Choosing the content of textual summaries of large time-series data sets
Natural Language Engineering
ACM Transactions on Speech and Language Processing (TSLP)
A TAXONOMY OF STRATEGIES FOR MULTIMODAL PERSUASIVE MESSAGE GENERATION
Applied Artificial Intelligence
Generating basic skills reports for low-skilled readers*
Natural Language Engineering
Comparing, integrating lexical definitional knowledge from multiple sources
CLS '04 Proceedings of the HLT-NAACL Workshop on Computational Lexical Semantics
Generating spatio-temporal descriptions in pollen forecasts
EACL '06 Proceedings of the Eleventh Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Posters & Demonstrations
IVA '09 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Making grammar-based generation easier to deploy in dialogue systems
SIGdial '08 Proceedings of the 9th SIGdial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue
Individual and domain adaptation in sentence planning for dialogue
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
The TextCap semantic interpreter
STEP '08 Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Semantics in Text Processing
Adaptive information for consumers of healthcare
The adaptive web
Trusting politicians' words (for persuasive NLP)
CICLing'08 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Computational linguistics and intelligent text processing
A crowdsourcing method to develop virtual human conversational agents
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Working with clinicians to improve a patient-information NLG system
INLG '12 Proceedings of the Seventh International Natural Language Generation Conference
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Natural language generation (NLG) systems are computer software systems that produce texts in English and other human languages, often from non-linguistic input data. NLG systems, like most ai systems, need substantial amounts of knowledge. However, our experience in two NLG projects suggests that it is difficult to acquire correct knowledge for NLG systems; indeed, every knowledge acquisition (KA) technique we tried had significant problems. In general terms, these problems were due to the complexity, novelty, and poorly understood nature of the tasks our systems attempted, and were worsened by the fact that people write so differently. This meant in particular that corpus-based KA approaches suffered because it was impossible to assemble a sizable corpus of high-quality consistent manually written texts in our domains; and structured expert-oriented KA techniques suffered because experts disagreed and because we could not get enough information about special and unusual cases to build robust systems. We believe that such problems are likely to affect many other NLG systems as well. In the long term, we hope that new KA techniques may emerge to help NLG system builders. In the shorter term, we believe that understanding how individual KA techniques can fail, and using a mixture of different KA techniques with different strengths and weaknesses, can help developers acquire NLG knowledge that is mostly correct.