A New Normal-Form Theorem for Context-Free Phrase Structure Grammars
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
A locally-organized parser for spoken input
Communications of the ACM
Compiler Construction for Digital Computers
Compiler Construction for Digital Computers
The hearsay speech understanding system: an example of the recognition process
IJCAI'73 Proceedings of the 3rd international joint conference on Artificial intelligence
Mechanical inference problems in continuous speech understanding
IJCAI'73 Proceedings of the 3rd international joint conference on Artificial intelligence
Speech understanding through syntactic and semantic analysis
IJCAI'73 Proceedings of the 3rd international joint conference on Artificial intelligence
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This paper describes the VOCAL (Voice Operated CALculator) speech understanding system. VOCAL is a software package that lets its user program a computer to perform numerical calculations by speaking to It in English-like sentences. To accomplish this, VOCAL uses processes for acoustic, grammatical, and semantic analysis. These individual procedures, which are relatively simple, are embedded in a control structure that uses the information from each component to arrive at a meaningful interpretation of spoken sentences. One unique feature of VOCAL, which is essential to the development of speech understanding systems, is that it is complete and self-contained. Coded in standard FORTRAN, it is compact enough to run on many minicomputers and can be used in a real-time, on-line environment on slightly more powerful machines. Testing has shown that despite a correct word identification rate of leas that 60% the VOCAL system usually correctly interprets even very long sentences.