CONDENSATION—Conditional Density Propagation forVisual Tracking
International Journal of Computer Vision
ICONDENSATION: Unifying Low-Level and High-Level Tracking in a Stochastic Framework
ECCV '98 Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Computer Vision-Volume I - Volume I
Robust Visual Tracking by Integrating Multiple Cues Based on Co-Inference Learning
International Journal of Computer Vision - Special Issue on Computer Vision Research at the Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology
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ICPR '04 Proceedings of the Pattern Recognition, 17th International Conference on (ICPR'04) Volume 4 - Volume 04
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ICASSP '01 Proceedings of the Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2001. on IEEE International Conference - Volume 05
Fast object tracking using adaptive block matching
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
Visual tracking and recognition using appearance-adaptive models in particle filters
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
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Particle filters have revolutionized object tracking in video sequences. The conventional particle filter, also called the CONDENSATION filter, uses the state transition distribution as the proposal distribution, from which the particles are drawn at each iteration. However, the transition distribution does not take into account the current observations, and thus many particles can be wasted in low likelihood regions. One of the most popular methods to improve the performance of particle filters relied on the motion-based proposal density. Although the motivation for motion-based particle filters could be explained on an intuitive level, up until now a mathematical rationale for the improved performance of motion-based particle filters has not been presented. In this letter, we investigate the performance of motion-based particle filters and provide an analytical justification of their superiority over the classical CONDENSATION filter. We rely on the characterization of the optimal proposal density, which minimizes the variance of the particles'weights. However, this density does not admit an analytical expression, making direct sampling from this optimal distribution impossible. We use the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence as a similarity measure between density functions and denote a particle filter as superior if the KL divergence between its proposal and the optimal proposal function is lower. We subsequently prove that under mild conditions on the estimated motion vector, the motion-based particle filter outperforms the CONDENSATION filter, in terms of the KL performance measure. Simulation results are presented to support the theoretical analysis.