Marching cubes: A high resolution 3D surface construction algorithm
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Real-time haptic sculpting in virtual volume space
VRST '02 Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Visuohaptic Simulation of Bone Surgery for Training and Evaluation
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Real-time reduced large-deformation models and distributed contact for computer graphics and haptics
Real-time reduced large-deformation models and distributed contact for computer graphics and haptics
Augmented reality haptics system for dental surgical skills training
Proceedings of the 17th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology
A dental simulator for training of prevalent interventions: tooth restoration and ultrasonic scaling
EuroHaptics'12 Proceedings of the 2012 international conference on Haptics: perception, devices, mobility, and communication - Volume Part II
Haptic systems for training sensorimotor skills: A use case in surgery
Robotics and Autonomous Systems
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Mechanical removal of bone material is the most critical procedure during dental implant surgery because it can jeopardize patient safety in several ways such as damage in the mandibular canal and piercing of the maxillary sinus. With recognition of the effectiveness in virtual training, many simulators with haptic feedback have been proposed. Although there are many varieties in drill bits, most of previously developed simulators consider only a spherically shaped tool due to its simplicity in tool-bone interaction. In this paper, we propose a new simulation method that can handle any arbitrarily shaped tools with multiple contacts between the tool and the bone. The tool is represented by a signed-distance field, and the bone is represented as voxels surrounded by a point shell. Upon chipping away bone elements, the point shell is updated reflecting the deformation of bone in real-time, while the collision detection and the reflected force is efficiently and accurately computed from the distance field encoded in the tool. We also present the experimental results with 12 dental implantologists to evaluate realism of the proposed simulator.