A Theory for Multiresolution Signal Decomposition: The Wavelet Representation
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
An introduction to source coding
An introduction to source coding
Subband Image Coding
JPEG Still Image Data Compression Standard
JPEG Still Image Data Compression Standard
Statistical tools for digital forensics
IH'04 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Information Hiding
Exposing digital forgeries by detecting traces of resampling
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
Exposing Digital Forgeries in Complex Lighting Environments
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security - Part 1
Nonintrusive Component Forensics of Visual Sensors Using Output Images
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
A mathematical analysis of the DCT coefficient distributions for images
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Blind inverse gamma correction
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Identification of bitmap compression history: JPEG detection and quantizer estimation
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Maximum-likelihood parameter estimation for image ringing-artifact removal
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
Efficient DCT-domain blind measurement and reduction of blocking artifacts
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
A de-blocking algorithm and a blockiness metric for highly compressed images
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
An optimization approach for removing blocking effects in transform coding
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
Detection of quantization artifacts and its applications to transform encoder identification
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
IWDW'12 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Digital Forensics and Watermaking
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Recent development in multimedia processing and network technologies has facilitated the distribution and sharing of multimedia through networks, and increased the security demands of multimedia contents. Traditional image content protection schemes use extrinsic approaches, such as watermarking or fingerprinting. However, under many circumstances, extrinsic content protection is not possible. Therefore, there is great interest in developing forensic tools via intrinsic fingerprints to solve these problems. Source coding is a common step of natural image acquisition, so in this paper, we focus on the fundamental research on digital image source coder forensics via intrinsic fingerprints. First, we investigate the unique intrinsic fingerprint of many popular image source encoders, including transform-based coding (both discrete cosine transform and discrete wavelet transform based), subband coding, differential image coding, and also block processing as the traces of evidence. Based on the intrinsic fingerprint of image source encoders, we construct an image source coding forensic detector that identifies which source encoder is applied, what the coding parameters are along with confidence measures of the result. Our simulation results show that the proposed system provides trustworthy performance: for most test cases, the probability of detecting the correct source encoder is over 90%.