A silicon model of auditory localization
Neural Computation
A neuromorphic monaural sound localizer
Proceedings of the 1998 conference on Advances in neural information processing systems II
A Neuromorphic Sound Localizer for a Smart MEMS System
Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing
A low-power correlation-derivative CMOS VLSI circuit for bearing estimation
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
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A low-power IC for the estimation of the delay between two infinitely clipped (digital) signals is designed and implemented in a 0.35-µm standard CMOS technology. The proposed circuit is based on a sliding-mode control system and does not need past values of the inputs, which are usually stored using chains of digital registers or analog delay lines and significantly increase the power consumption. The IC is intended to work in ultralow-power miniature sensor network nodes performing localization in the audio range [20, 1000] Hz, as part of a forest environmental protection network. Power dissipation results show a core power consumption of 1.04 µW at 3.3 V and only 282 nW at 1.8 V--in both cases with a clock frequency of 200 kHz. The circuit is fully operative and was successfully tested on field as part of a low-power bearing sensor unit.