Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing - Special issue: low-voltage low-power analog integrated circuits
Design and optimization of LC oscillators
ICCAD '99 Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
On the difference between two widely publicized methods for analyzing oscillator phase behavior
Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
Energy Scavenging for Mobile and Wireless Electronics
IEEE Pervasive Computing
Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design
Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design
Design of X -band and K a-band colpitts oscillators using a parasitic cancellation technique
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems Part I: Regular Papers
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A method is presented for minimizing the power consumption of size-constrained oscillator transmitters by selecting the preferred carrier frequency from among the standard ISM bands. The method has been applied to CMOS oscillator transmitters in which a single-turn loop antenna doubles as the inductor in the frequency-defining LC tank. A detailed model of the transmitter circuit, including the antenna, is combined with standard assumptions about the link and receiver to determine the minimum transmitter bias current for successful demodulation as a function of antenna size and transmission frequency. From this, the optimal operating frequency in terms of transmitter power budget, and the minimum transmitter power consumption at that optimal frequency, are determined for a given antenna size constraint. Two common oscillator topologies are studied, both implemented in 0.18 µm CMOS: the Colpitts oscillator and the complimentary cross-coupled oscillator. A combination of the EKV and BSIM models is used for MOS transistor modelling, while a novel energy conservation method is used to determine the oscillator bias current as a function of transmit power. The results show that, with the correct choice of operating frequency, transmitter power budgets of the order of 10 µW should be achievable for very short-range (ca 1 m) radio links with data rates up to 1 Mb/s and antenna sizes down to several mm radius.