Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
On the limited memory BFGS method for large scale optimization
Mathematical Programming: Series A and B
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An effective particle swarm - quasi-Newton hybrid for the optimisation of continuous functions is developed, which is shown to work well on a range of test problems. This method exploits the global exploration abilities of the PSO algorithm and the fast convergence of the quasi-Newton method. New switching heuristics between the quasi-Newton and PSO methods are introduced, with the update pairs being used to generate new particles. The new hybrid, called L-PSO, is shown to be effective in obtaining the global minimum on a range of test problems, and outperforms previous hybrids with which it is compared.