Two Variations on Fisher's Linear Discriminant for Pattern Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Optimal kernel selection in Kernel Fisher discriminant analysis
ICML '06 Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on Machine learning
An introduction to ROC analysis
Pattern Recognition Letters - Special issue: ROC analysis in pattern recognition
Endogenous brain-machine interface based on the correlation of EEG maps
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
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This paper presents a preprocessing technique for improving the classification of electroencephalographic (EEG) data in brain-computer interfaces (BCI) for the case of realistic measuring conditions, such as low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), reduced number of measuring electrodes, and reduced amount of data used to train the classifier. The proposed method is based on a linear minimum mean squared error (LMMSE) spatial filter specifically designed to improve the SNR of the signals before being classified. The design parameters of the spatial filter are obtained through an optimized version of Fisher's linear discriminant (FLD) whose area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve is maximized. The combination of the spatial filter and the optimized FLD increases the SNR and changes the spatial distribution of the measured signals. As a result, the signals can be more easily discriminated by means of a simple sign detector or threshold-based classifier. A series of experiments on simulated EEG data compare the performance of the proposed classification scheme to the performance of the Mahalanobis distance-based classifier, which is widely used in BCI systems. Numerical results show that the proposed preprocessing technique enhances the classifier's performance even for low SNR conditions and few measurements, while the Mahalanobis classifier is not reliable under such realistic operating conditions. Furthermore, real EEG data from a self-paced key typing experiment is used to demonstrate the applicability of the preprocessing technique. The proposed method has the potential of improving the efficiency of real-life BCI systems, as well as reducing the computational complexity associated with their implementation.