An introduction to ROC analysis

Authors:
Tom Fawcett
Affiliations:
Institute for the Study of Learning and Expertise, 2164 Staunton Court, Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA
Venue:
Pattern Recognition Letters - Special issue: ROC analysis in pattern recognition
Year:
2006

Citing 14
Cited 459

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Friendship prediction and homophily in social media

ACM Transactions on the Web (TWEB)
Preprocessing unbalanced data using support vector machine

Decision Support Systems
Job performance prediction in a call center using a naive Bayes classifier

Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Enhanced default risk models with SVM+

Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Integration of sequence learning and CBR for complex equipment failure prediction

ICCBR'11 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Case-Based Reasoning Research and Development
Effects of data grouping on calibration measures of classifiers

EUROCAST'11 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Computer Aided Systems Theory - Volume Part I
Care to comment?: recommendations for commenting on news stories

Proceedings of the 21st international conference on World Wide Web
Semi-supervised classification using tree-based self-organizing maps

AI'11 Proceedings of the 24th international conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
An empirical study of bagging predictors for imbalanced data with different levels of class distribution

AI'11 Proceedings of the 24th international conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
An empirical evaluation of bagging with different algorithms on imbalanced data

ADMA'11 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Advanced Data Mining and Applications - Volume Part I
Automatically building datasets of labeled IP traffic traces: A self-training approach

Applied Soft Computing
Feature selection for MAUC-oriented classification systems

Neurocomputing
User identity verification via mouse dynamics

Information Sciences: an International Journal
Texture extraction: An evaluation of ridgelet, wavelet and co-occurrence based methods applied to mammograms

Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Evaluating prediction systems in software project estimation

Information and Software Technology
Software measurement data reduction using ensemble techniques

Neurocomputing
DRFLogitBoost: a double randomized decision forest incorporated with logitboosted decision stumps

ACIIDS'12 Proceedings of the 4th Asian conference on Intelligent Information and Database Systems - Volume Part I
Graphical EM for on-line learning of grammatical probabilities in radar Electronic Support

Applied Soft Computing
A GA-Based wrapper feature selection for animal breeding data mining

HAIS'12 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Hybrid Artificial Intelligent Systems - Volume Part II
Misbehavior detection based on ensemble learning in VANET

ADCONS'11 Proceedings of the 2011 international conference on Advanced Computing, Networking and Security
A framework for unsupervised spam detection in social networking sites

ECIR'12 Proceedings of the 34th European conference on Advances in Information Retrieval
Data-Mining-Driven Neighborhood Search

INFORMS Journal on Computing
Twin support vector machines and subspace learning methods for microcalcification clusters detection

Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
The AUK: A simple alternative to the AUC

Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Goal recognition over POMDPs: inferring the intention of a POMDP agent

IJCAI'11 Proceedings of the Twenty-Second international joint conference on Artificial Intelligence - Volume Volume Three
Performance of classification models from a user perspective

Decision Support Systems
Planar shape representation and matching under projective transformation

Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Composite distance metric integration by leveraging multiple experts' inputs and its application in patient similarity assessment

Statistical Analysis and Data Mining
Efficient classifiers for multi-class classification problems

Decision Support Systems
Fusion of biometric systems using Boolean combination: an application to iris-based authentication

International Journal of Biometrics
Exploring boundaries: optimising individual class boundaries for binary classification problem

Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Multi-objective evolutionary optimization for generating ensembles of classifiers in the ROC space

Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Bootstrapping a Game with a Purpose for Commonsense Collection

ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (TIST)
Rewards for pairs of Q-learning agents conducive to turn-taking in medium-access games

Adaptive Behavior - Animals, Animats, Software Agents, Robots, Adaptive Systems
Inferring visibility: who's (not) talking to whom?

Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2012 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communication
Multi-stage modeling using fuzzy multi-criteria feature selection to improve survival prediction of ICU septic shock patients

Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
On automatically tagging web documents from examples

SIGIR '12 Proceedings of the 35th international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Increasing the effectiveness of associative classification in terms of class imbalance by using a novel pruning algorithm

Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Texture analysis for trabecular bone x-ray images using anisotropic morlet wavelet and rényi entropy

ICISP'12 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Image and Signal Processing
A New Measure of Classifier Performance for Gene Expression Data

IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics (TCBB)
Similarity measures for automatic defect detection on patterned textures

International Journal of Information and Communication Technology
Learning the structure of probabilistic logic programs

ILP'11 Proceedings of the 21st international conference on Inductive Logic Programming
Breast mass classification using orthogonal moments

IWDM'12 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Breast Imaging
Canonical dependency analysis based on squared-loss mutual information

Neural Networks
A hybrid approach to managing job offers and candidates

Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Case-based Planning of Treatment of Infants with Respiratory Failure

Fundamenta Informaticae - Concurrency Specification and Programming (CS&P)
Learning from Skewed Class Multi-relational Databases

Fundamenta Informaticae - Progress on Multi-Relational Data Mining
A modified back-propagation algorithm to deal with severe two-class imbalance problems on neural networks

MCPR'12 Proceedings of the 4th Mexican conference on Pattern Recognition
A comparative study of use of shannon, rényi and tsallis entropy for attribute selecting in network intrusion detection

IDEAL'12 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning
On achieving semi-supervised pattern recognition by utilizing tree-based SOMs

Pattern Recognition
L1 norm based KPCA for novelty detection

Pattern Recognition
Analysis of the contour structural irregularity of skin lesions using wavelet decomposition

Pattern Recognition
An efficient diagnosis system for detection of Parkinson's disease using fuzzy k-nearest neighbor approach

Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Inferring visibility: who's (not) talking to whom?

ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review - Special october issue SIGCOMM '12
Predicting single-neuron activity in locally connected networks

Neural Computation
For human eyes only: security and usability evaluation

Proceedings of the 2012 ACM workshop on Privacy in the electronic society
Effective Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease Using The Rotation Forest Ensemble Method

Journal of Medical Systems
Modeling Paradigms for Medical Diagnostic Decision Support: A Survey and Future Directions

Journal of Medical Systems
GDTW-P-SVMs: Variable-length time series analysis using support vector machines

Neurocomputing
Moment-based local binary patterns: A novel descriptor for invariant pattern recognition applications

Neurocomputing
Prediction of flavin mono-nucleotide binding sites using modified PSSM profile and ensemble support vector machine

Computers in Biology and Medicine
A texture analysis method for detection of clustered microcalcifications on digital mammograms

International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications
A comparative drivability analysis for autonomous robots in underground mines using the entropy and SRM models

Proceedings of the South African Institute for Computer Scientists and Information Technologists Conference
The heterogeneity principle in evaluation measures for automatic summarization

Proceedings of Workshop on Evaluation Metrics and System Comparison for Automatic Summarization
Annotating web images using NOVA: NOn-conVex group spArsity

Proceedings of the 20th ACM international conference on Multimedia
Mining the execution history of a software system to infer the best time for its adaptation

Proceedings of the ACM SIGSOFT 20th International Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering
Supervised cross-collection topic modeling

Proceedings of the 20th ACM international conference on Multimedia
Learning undirected graphical models from multiple datasets with the generalized non-rejection rate

International Journal of Approximate Reasoning
Adaptive fault detection and diagnosis using an evolving fuzzy classifier

Information Sciences: an International Journal
Weighted extreme learning machine for imbalance learning

Neurocomputing
On the role of poetic versus nonpoetic features in “kindred” and diachronic poetry attribution

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
A novel method for splitting clumps of convex objects incorporating image intensity and using rectangular window-based concavity point-pair search

Pattern Recognition
Saliency filtering of SIFT detectors: application to CBIR

ACIVS'12 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems
A comparative study of correspondence-search algorithms in MIS images

MICCAI'12 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention - Volume Part II
Visual saliency detection with center shift

Neurocomputing
An ecological approach to anomaly detection: the EIA model

ICARIS'12 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Artificial Immune Systems
Improving ANNs performance on unbalanced data with an AUC-Based learning algorithm

ICANN'12 Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on Artificial Neural Networks and Machine Learning - Volume Part II
Design and Analysis of Classifier Learning Experiments in Bioinformatics: Survey and Case Studies

IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics (TCBB)
Decoding attended information in short-term memory: An eeg study

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
RUBIX: a framework for improving data integration with linked data

Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Open Data
Quantitative error measures for edge detection

Pattern Recognition
Using sensitivity analysis and visualization techniques to open black box data mining models

Information Sciences: an International Journal
Evolving granular neural networks from fuzzy data streams

Neural Networks
Novelty detection using a new group outlier factor

ICONIP'12 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Neural Information Processing - Volume Part III
Diagnose the premalignant pancreatic cancer using high dimensional linear machine

PRIB'12 Proceedings of the 7th IAPR international conference on Pattern Recognition in Bioinformatics
A hybrid method to face class overlap and class imbalance on neural networks and multi-class scenarios

Pattern Recognition Letters
Orthogonal support vector machine for credit scoring

Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Measuring the Visual Complexities of Web Pages

ACM Transactions on the Web (TWEB)
Perceptual image hashing with histogram of color vector angles

AMT'12 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Active Media Technology
An Intelligent Operator for Genetic Fuzzy Rule Based System

International Journal of Intelligent Information Technologies
Robust Duplicate Detection of 2D and 3D Objects

International Journal of Multimedia Data Engineering & Management
ROC curve equivalence using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test

Pattern Recognition Letters
Phase space and power spectral approaches for EEG-based automatic sleep-wake classification in humans: A comparative study using short and standard epoch lengths

Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
Analysis and design of rank-based classifiers

Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Evaluation of gene ontology semantic similarities on protein interaction datasets

International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications
Building a generic graph-based descriptor set for use in drug discovery

AusDM '09 Proceedings of the Eighth Australasian Data Mining Conference - Volume 101
Characterization of trabecular architecture in human femur radiographic images using directional multiresolution transform and adaboost model

SEMCCO'12 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Swarm, Evolutionary, and Memetic Computing
Logistic tensor regression for classification

IScIDE'12 Proceedings of the third Sino-foreign-interchange conference on Intelligent Science and Intelligent Data Engineering
A framework for constructing benchmark databases and protocols for retinopathy in medical image analysis

IScIDE'12 Proceedings of the third Sino-foreign-interchange conference on Intelligent Science and Intelligent Data Engineering
Two-stage database intrusion detection by combining multiple evidence and belief update

Information Systems Frontiers
Retinal spectral image analysis methods using spectral reflectance pattern recognition

CCIW'13 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Computational Color Imaging
A Multi-Classifier System for Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining

ASONAM '12 Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM 2012)
Extracting event-related information from article updates in wikipedia

ECIR'13 Proceedings of the 35th European conference on Advances in Information Retrieval
Estimating confidence of individual rating predictions in collaborative filtering recommender systems

Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Heterogeneous features and model selection for event-based media classification

Proceedings of the 3rd ACM conference on International conference on multimedia retrieval
Fast communication: Robust image hashing using ring-based entropies

Signal Processing
Sow-activity classification from acceleration patterns: A machine learning approach

Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
Comparing multi-objective and threshold-moving ROC curve generation for a prototype-based classifier

Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Image classification with manifold learning for out-of-sample data

Signal Processing
Residual enhanced visual vector as a compact signature for mobile visual search

Signal Processing
A comparison of machine learning algorithms for proactive hard disk drive failure detection

Proceedings of the 4th international ACM Sigsoft symposium on Architecting critical systems
Let's get together: the formation and success of online creative collaborations

Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A comparison of 3D interest point descriptors with application to airport baggage object detection in complex CT imagery

Pattern Recognition
Building a discourse parser for informal mathematical discourse in the context of a controlled natural language

CICLing'13 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing - Volume Part I
Finding the needle: A risk-based ranking of product listings at online auction sites for non-delivery fraud prediction

Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Discovering filter keywords for company name disambiguation in twitter

Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Evolutionary computation for supervised learning

Proceedings of the 15th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Predicting patient survival after liver transplantation using evolutionary multi-objective artificial neural networks

Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
Empirical study of bagging predictors on medical data

AusDM '11 Proceedings of the Ninth Australasian Data Mining Conference - Volume 121
Efficacious end user measures part 1: relative class size and end user problem domains

Advances in Artificial Intelligence - Special issue on Artificial Intelligence Applications in Biomedicine
A modular approach to computer-aided auscultation: Analysis and parametric characterization of murmur acoustic qualities

Computers in Biology and Medicine
Assessing classifiers in terms of the partial area under the ROC curve

Computational Statistics & Data Analysis
Classification-based learning by particle swarm optimization for wall-following robot navigation

Neurocomputing
Ad click prediction: a view from the trenches

Proceedings of the 19th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining
Amplifying the voice of youth in Africa via text analytics

Proceedings of the 19th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining
A novel tool for segmenting 3D medical images based on generalized cylinders and active surfaces

Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
A tutorial on human activity recognition using body-worn inertial sensors

ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
An automatic computer-aided diagnosis system for liver tumours on computed tomography images

Computers and Electrical Engineering
A unified view of performance metrics: translating threshold choice into expected classification loss

The Journal of Machine Learning Research
Double-base asymmetric AdaBoost

Neurocomputing
Incorporating the surfing behavior of web users into pagerank

Proceedings of the 22nd ACM international conference on Conference on information & knowledge management
Testing noisy numerical data for monotonic association

Information Sciences: an International Journal
Assessing scorecard performance: A literature review and classification

Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Proximity measures for link prediction based on temporal events

Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
A study of subgroup discovery approaches for defect prediction

Information and Software Technology
Detection of protein conformation defects from fluorescence microscopy images

Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Spatial Recurrences for Pedestrian Classification

Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision
Visual exploration of classification models for various data types in risk assessment

Information Visualization - Special issue on Best Papers of Visual Analytics Science and Technology (VAST) 2010
Identification of micro RNA biomarkers for cancer by combining multiple feature selection techniques

Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering
Evaluating performance of long short-term memory recurrent neural networks on intrusion detection data

Proceedings of the South African Institute for Computer Scientists and Information Technologists Conference
ROC curves for regression

Pattern Recognition
Automatic classification for solitary pulmonary nodule in CT image by fractal analysis based on fractional Brownian motion model

Pattern Recognition
Exploiting two-faceted web of trust for enhanced-quality recommendations

Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
A classifier fusion system for bearing fault diagnosis

Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Using objective ground-truth labels created by multiple annotators for improved video classification: A comparative study

Computer Vision and Image Understanding
A comparison of selected simple supervised learning algorithms to predict driver intent based on gaze data

Neurocomputing
Prioritization of brain MRI volumes using medical image perception model and tumor region segmentation

Computers in Biology and Medicine
A comparative study of covariance selection models for the inference of gene regulatory networks

Journal of Biomedical Informatics
Quantitative security risk assessment of android permissions and applications

DBSec'13 Proceedings of the 27th international conference on Data and Applications Security and Privacy XXVII
Area under the distance threshold curve as an evaluation measure for probabilistic classifiers

MLDM'13 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Machine Learning and Data Mining in Pattern Recognition
Parameter learning for probabilistic ontologies

RR'13 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Web Reasoning and Rule Systems
Understanding individuals' personal values from social media word use

Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work & social computing
ChAirGest: a challenge for multimodal mid-air gesture recognition for close HCI

Proceedings of the 15th ACM on International conference on multimodal interaction
Attention as reward-driven optimization of sensory processing

Neural Computation
Positive-versus-Negative Classification for Model Aggregation in Predictive Data Mining

INFORMS Journal on Computing
The Opportunity challenge: A benchmark database for on-body sensor-based activity recognition

Pattern Recognition Letters
Obtaining the threat model for e-mail phishing

Applied Soft Computing
An improved method of early diagnosis of smoking-induced respiratory changes using machine learning algorithms

Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
Accurate probability calibration for multiple classifiers

IJCAI'13 Proceedings of the Twenty-Third international joint conference on Artificial Intelligence
Towards effective prioritizing water pipe replacement and rehabilitation

IJCAI'13 Proceedings of the Twenty-Third international joint conference on Artificial Intelligence
Inferring mood in ubiquitous conversational video

Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia
Approximate polytope ensemble for one-class classification

Pattern Recognition
Who will retweet this?: Automatically Identifying and Engaging Strangers on Twitter to Spread Information

Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Intelligent User Interfaces
Design and implementation of an efficient framework for behaviour attestation using n-call slides

Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication
A class of semi-supervised support vector machines by DC programming

Advances in Data Analysis and Classification
ROC curves in cost space

Machine Learning
Cost-sensitive decision tree ensembles for effective imbalanced classification

Applied Soft Computing
Multiobjective genetic programming for maximizing ROC performance

Neurocomputing
Hidden information detection using decision theory and quantized samples: Methodology, difficulties and results

Digital Signal Processing
Exploiting the relationships among several binary classifiers via data transformation

Pattern Recognition
Strokes against stroke-strokes for strides

Pattern Recognition
Evaluation and aggregation of pay-as-you-drive insurance rate factors: A classification analysis approach

Decision Support Systems
A fault prediction method that uses improved case-based reasoning to continuously predict the status of a shaft furnace

Information Sciences: an International Journal
Assessment of data quality in accounting data with association rules

Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Computer generated images vs. digital photographs: A synergetic feature and classifier combination approach

Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation
Half-AUC for the evaluation of sensitive or specific classifiers

Pattern Recognition Letters
A portable wireless body sensor data logger and its application in video capsule endoscopy

Microprocessors & Microsystems
Randomized pilot study and qualitative evaluation of a clinical decision support system for brain tumour diagnosis based on SV 1H MRS: Evaluation as an additional information procedure for novice radiologists

Computers in Biology and Medicine
Classification of benign and malignant brain tumor CT images using wavelet texture parameters and neural network classifier

Journal of Visualization
Automatic classification of brain computed tomography images using wavelet-based statistical texture features

Journal of Visualization
Inferring Boolean functions via higher-order correlations

Computational Statistics
Video event detection for fault monitoring in assembly automation

International Journal of Intelligent Systems Technologies and Applications
Macrofeature layout selection for pedestrian localization and its acceleration using GPU

Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Analysis of parameters for the automatic computation of the tear film break-up time test based on CCLRU standards

Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
Hybridization between multi-objective genetic algorithm and support vector machine for feature selection in walker-assisted gait

Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
Evaluating and understanding text-based stock price prediction models

Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
A GIS based spatially-explicit sensitivity and uncertainty analysis approach for multi-criteria decision analysis

Computers & Geosciences
Software defect prediction using relational association rule mining

Information Sciences: an International Journal
Automated topic naming

Empirical Software Engineering
Editor's Choice Article: Sparse feature selection based on graph Laplacian for web image annotation

Image and Vision Computing
Imbalanced evolving self-organizing learning

Neurocomputing
A ranking-based algorithm for detection of outliers in categorical data

International Journal of Hybrid Intelligent Systems
Expectation maximization over binary decision diagrams for probabilistic logic programs

Intelligent Data Analysis
Sharpened graph ensemble for semi-supervised learning

Intelligent Data Analysis
ROC analysis of classifiers in machine learning: A survey

Intelligent Data Analysis
Detecting inappropriate access to electronic health records using collaborative filtering

Machine Learning
An Efficient Gradient-based Approach to Optimizing Average Precision Through Maximal Figure-of-Merit Learning

Journal of Signal Processing Systems
A review of time-frequency matched filter design with application to seizure detection in multichannel newborn EEG

Digital Signal Processing
Real-time background modeling based on a multi-level texture description

Information Sciences: an International Journal
Exploring medical diagnostic performance using interactive, multi-parameter sourced receiver operating characteristic scatter plots

Computers in Biology and Medicine

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Abstract

Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) graphs are useful for organizing classifiers and visualizing their performance. ROC graphs are commonly used in medical decision making, and in recent years have been used increasingly in machine learning and data mining research. Although ROC graphs are apparently simple, there are some common misconceptions and pitfalls when using them in practice. The purpose of this article is to serve as an introduction to ROC graphs and as a guide for using them in research.