Estimating uncertain spatial relationships in robotics
Autonomous robot vehicles
Object Recognition from Local Scale-Invariant Features
ICCV '99 Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Vision-Volume 2 - Volume 2
Real-Time Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping with a Single Camera
ICCV '03 Proceedings of the Ninth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision - Volume 2
Fastslam: a factored solution to the simultaneous localization and mapping problem with unknown data association
Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints
International Journal of Computer Vision
A multilevel relaxation algorithm for simultaneous localization and mapping
IEEE Transactions on Robotics
Hierarchical SLAM: Real-Time Accurate Mapping of Large Environments
IEEE Transactions on Robotics
Mobile Augmented Reality: A topometric system for wide area augmented reality
Computers and Graphics
Calibrating a wide-area camera network with non-overlapping views using mobile devices
ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN)
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In this paper we present a new real-time hierarchical (topological/metric) Visual SLAM system focusing on the localization of a vehicle in large-scale outdoor urban environments. It is exclusively based on the visual information provided by both a low-cost wide-angle stereo camera and a low-cost GPS. Our approach divides the whole map into local sub-maps identified by the so-called fingerprint (reference poses). At the sub-map level (low level SLAM), 3D sequential mapping of natural landmarks and the vehicle location/orientation are obtained using a top-down Bayesian method to model the dynamic behavior. A higher topological level (high level SLAM) based on references poses has been added to reduce the global accumulated drift, keeping real-time constraints. Using this hierarchical strategy, we keep local consistency of the metric sub-maps, by mean of the EKF, and global consistency by using the topological map and the MultiLevel Relaxation (MLR) algorithm. GPS measurements are integrated at both levels, improving global estimation. Some experimental results for different large-scale urban environments are presented, showing an almost constant processing time.