Adaptation in natural and artificial systems
Adaptation in natural and artificial systems
Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning
Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning
Fast burst synchronization for power line communication systems
EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing
ML estimation of time and frequency offset in OFDM systems
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
Optimal design and placement of pilot symbols for channel estimation
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
Coarse frame and carrier synchronization of OFDM systems: a new metric and comparison
IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
Evolutionary search for low autocorrelated binary sequences
IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation
Polyphase sequences with low autocorrelation
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
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We investigate the autocorrelation properties of timing synchronization waveforms that are generated by embedded frequency domain pilot tones in orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) systems. The waveforms are composed by summing a selected number of OFDM subcarriers such that the autocorrelation function (ACF) of the resulting time waveform has desirable sidelobe behavior. Analytical expressions for the periodic and aperiodic ACF sidelobe energy are derived. Sufficient conditions for minimum and maximum aperiodic ACF sidelobe energy for a given number of pilot tones are presented. Several useful properties of the pilot design problem, such as invariance under transformations and equivalence of complementary sets are demonstrated analytically. Pilot tone design discussion is expanded to the ACF sidelobe peak minimization problem by including various examples and simulation results obtained from a genetic search algorithm.