Cognitive layouts of windows and multiple screens for user interfaces
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
A mechanism for specifying the structure of large, layered systems
Research directions in object-oriented programming
The effects of modes of information presentation on decision-making: a review and meta-analysis
Journal of Management Information Systems
ICIS '89 Proceedings of the tenth international conference on Information Systems
Expressive richness: a comparison of speech and text as media for revision
CHI '91 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Merging expert systems with multimedia technology
ACM SIGMIS Database
The effects on decision task performance of computer synthetic voice output
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
Media spaces: bringing people together in a video, audio, and computing environment
Communications of the ACM
Mental models: concepts for human-computer interaction research
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
Multimedia Computing: Case Studies from Mit Project Athena
Multimedia Computing: Case Studies from Mit Project Athena
Improving searching and reading performance: the effect of highlighting and text color coding
Information and Management
Minds and Machines
Children, Robots and... the Parental Role
Minds and Machines
Development of a dual-modal information presentation of sequential relationship
International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation
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A human-computer interface is described, which was designed to study user preferences and the effectiveness of output modes and levels of information abstraction in a decision making environment. The interface was tested in an exploratory study of an apartment selection problem. It was observed that text plus voice was preferred over voice alone, but there was no significant difference in preferences between text and voice or between text and text plus voice. This indicates that adding text to voice output improves the perceived acceptability of voice, but adding voice to text does not alter the perceived acceptability of text. The text mode was most efficient in performing information search, followed by voice mode and text plus voice mode in that order. We observed inconsistencies between the users' perceived importance of information attributes and the actual usage of these attributes, and inconsistencies between the perceived importance of and the usage of abstraction levels. We did not observe significant differences between users with task domain experience and those which did not have domain experience, but cognitive style did affect task performance. Our findings suggest that a user interface should either provide flexible access at different abstraction levels, or should organize information based on its perceived importance to the user rather than its level of abstraction.