Mode errors: a user-centered analysis and some preventative measures using keying-contingent sound
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
Open Look: graphical user interface application style guidelines
Open Look: graphical user interface application style guidelines
Display-based competence: towards user models for menu-driven interfaces
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
Cognitive walkthroughs: a method for theory-based evaluation of user interfaces
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
The design and evaluation of a high-performance soft keyboard
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Will it be upper-case or will it be lower-case: can a prompt for text be a mode signal?
CHI '02 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Macintosh human interface guidelines
Macintosh human interface guidelines
Modelling cyclic interaction:an account of feedback
CHI '03 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Stylus input and editing without prior selection of mode
Proceedings of the 16th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Human-Computer Interaction
Analyzing human-computer interaction as distributed cognition: the resources model
Human-Computer Interaction
LetterEase: Improving text entry on a handheld device via letter reassignment
OZCHI '05 Proceedings of the 17th Australia conference on Computer-Human Interaction: Citizens Online: Considerations for Today and the Future
Collective web usability analysis: cognitive and activity walkthroughs
International Journal of Web Engineering and Technology
Rapid specification and automated generation of prompting systems to assist people with dementia
Pervasive and Mobile Computing
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While there are well established guidelines for interaction via mouse and keyboard, new forms of interaction being devised for small handheld devices have yet to be standardised. There is a case for re-visiting basic principles for user interface design such as how to signal mode. Two ways of signalling case mode when editing text into a small handheld device such as a mobile phone are considered in this paper. One is through the system prompt, e.g. 'Entry:', the other is through the case of the last letter displayed in response to a button push. Two unsupervised web-based experiments are described which show that users are sensitive to both these signals for case mode. The first experiment manipulated the prompt in a text entry task using a web simulation of a novel mobile device. The results showed that users' expectations were influenced by the case of the letters in the prompt. Users took many more trials to learn to expect a case inconsistent with the model provided by the prompt. The second experiment manipulated both the case of the letters in the prompt and the case of the last letter displayed. The results replicated the findings above and demonstrated a strong effect of the case of the last letter displayed. Guidelines for signalling case mode and a notation (Interaction Units) are suggested that might be used to reason about low level interaction design with handheld devices.