Artificial intelligence
Health care information systems: a personal historic review
HMI '87 Proceedings of ACM conference on History of medical informatics
Patient management systems: the early years
HMI '87 Proceedings of ACM conference on History of medical informatics
The computer meets medicine: emergence of a discipline
Medical informatics: computer applications in health care
Genetic programming: on the programming of computers by means of natural selection
Genetic programming: on the programming of computers by means of natural selection
The sciences of the artificial (3rd ed.)
The sciences of the artificial (3rd ed.)
Information and Medicine: The Nature of Medical Descriptions
Information and Medicine: The Nature of Medical Descriptions
A cognitive taxonomy of medical errors
Journal of Biomedical Informatics
The wisdom hierarchy: representations of the DIKW hierarchy
Journal of Information Science
Aligning temporal data by sentinel events: discovering patterns in electronic health records
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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Biomedical informatics lacks a clear and theoretically-grounded definition. Many proposed definitions focus on data, information, and knowledge, but do not provide an adequate definition of these terms. Leveraging insights from the philosophy of information, we define informatics as the science of information, where information is data plus meaning. Biomedical informatics is the science of information as applied to or studied in the context of biomedicine. Defining the object of study of informatics as data plus meaning clearly distinguishes the field from related fields, such as computer science, statistics and biomedicine, which have different objects of study. The emphasis on data plus meaning also suggests that biomedical informatics problems tend to be difficult when they deal with concepts that are hard to capture using formal, computational definitions. In other words, problems where meaning must be considered are more difficult than problems where manipulating data without regard for meaning is sufficient. Furthermore, the definition implies that informatics research, teaching, and service should focus on biomedical information as data plus meaning rather than only computer applications in biomedicine.