Introduction to algorithms
Convex hulls of finite sets of points in two and three dimensions
Communications of the ACM
Novel self-configurable positioning technique for multihop wireless networks
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Efficient Hop ID based Routing for Sparse Ad Hoc Networks
ICNP '05 Proceedings of the 13TH IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols
Boundary recognition in sensor networks by topological methods
Proceedings of the 12th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Beacon vector routing: scalable point-to-point routing in wireless sensornets
NSDI'05 Proceedings of the 2nd conference on Symposium on Networked Systems Design & Implementation - Volume 2
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The nodes at the border of the self-configurable wireless network are commonly employed as landmarks for many applications, including infrastructureless localization, border detection, and routing. However, how to identify the best set of nodes as such landmarks is still an open problem. In this paper, we propose three algorithms for border landmark selection, namely: the Convex Hull-Based (CHB) algorithm, the Center Node Elimination (CNE) algorithm, and the Hierarchy-Structured (HS) algorithm. CHB works perfectly in theory and provides a deep insight into the landmark selection problem. At the same time, it is noticed that CHB is centralized and sensitive to errors in distance estimation. The CNE algorithm is a distributed approach, devised to gradually exclude the nodes in the ''center'' of the network until the desired number of nodes are left, which are employed as landmarks. While CNE works effectively in a small network, its high order computation complexity and communication overhead may eventually lead to scalability problem when it is applied in very large networks. To address this problem, we propose the HS algorithm for striking the balance between accuracy and complexity/overhead. In HS, we establish a hierarchical structure with multiple layers, and apply the CNE algorithm in an appropriate layer to identify an initial set of candidate nodes. The outcomes are then rectified through a recursive process, yielding the final landmarks. Three applications, including coordinates establishment, border detection, and landmark-based routing in general networks without location information, are introduced based on the selected landmarks. We carry out extensive simulations to compare the performance of our landmark selection algorithms and demonstrate their effectiveness in all of the applications.