Affective computing
Emotional speech: towards a new generation of databases
Speech Communication - Special issue on speech and emotion
A corpus-based speech synthesis system with emotion
Speech Communication - Special issue on speech and emotion
Vocal communication of emotion: a review of research paradigms
Speech Communication - Special issue on speech and emotion
Visual Prosody: Facial Movements Accompanying Speech
FGR '02 Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
ALMA: a layered model of affect
Proceedings of the fourth international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems
Levels of representation in the annotation of emotion for the specification of expressivity in ECAs
Lecture Notes in Computer Science
A corpus-based approach for cooperative response generation in a dialog system
ISCSLP'06 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Chinese Spoken Language Processing
Expressing degree of activation in synthetic speech
IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing
Prosody conversion from neutral speech to emotional speech
IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing
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This work focuses on the development of expressive text-to-speech synthesis techniques for a Chinese spoken dialog system, where the expressivity is driven by the message content. We adapt the three-dimensional pleasure-displeasure, arousal-nonarousal and dominance-submissiveness (PAD) model for describing expressivity in input text semantics. The context of our study is based on response messages generated by a spoken dialog system in the tourist information domain. We use the P (pleasure) and A (arousal) dimensions to describe expressivity at the prosodic word level based on lexical semantics. The D (dominance) dimension is used to describe expressivity at the utterance level based on dialog acts. We analyze contrastive (neutral versus expressive) speech recordings to develop a nonlinear perturbation model that incorporates the PAD values of a response message to transform neutral speech into expressive speech. Two levels of perturbations are implemented--local perturbation at the prosodic word level, as well as global perturbation at the utterance level. Perceptual experiments involving 14 subjects indicate that the proposed approach can significantly enhance expressivity in response generation for a spoken dialog system.