Handbook of Mathematical Functions, With Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables,
Handbook of Mathematical Functions, With Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables,
Alamouti-type space-time coding for free-space optical communication with direct detection
IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
Wireless optical communications via diversity reception and optical preamplification
IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
The Gaussian free space optical MIMO channel with Q-ary pulse position modulation
IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications - Part 1
Urban optical wireless communication networks: the main challenges and possible solutions
IEEE Communications Magazine
Part 1: optical communication over the clear turbulent atmospheric channel using diversity
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Optical repetition MIMO transmission with multipulse PPM
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
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Atmospheric turbulence induced fading is one of the main impairments affecting free-space optics (FSO) communications. In recent years, Gamma-Gamma fading has become the dominant fading model for FSO links because of its excellent agreement with measurement data for a wide range of turbulence conditions. However, in contrast to RF communications, the analysis techniques for FSO are not well developed and prior work has mostly resorted to simulations and numerical integration for performance evaluation in Gamma-Gamma fading. In this paper, we express the pairwise error probabilities of single-input single-output (SISO) and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) FSO systems with intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) as generalized infinite power series with respect to the signal-to-noise ratio. For numerical evaluation these power series are truncated to a finite number of terms and an upper bound for the associated approximation error is provided. The resulting finite power series enables fast and accurate numerical evaluation of the bit error rate of IM/DD FSO with on-off keying and pulse position modulation in SISO and MIMO Gamma-Gamma fading channels. Furthermore, we extend the well-known RF concepts of diversity and combining gain to FSO and Gamma-Gamma fading. In particular, we provide simple closed-form expressions for the diversity gain and the combining gain of MIMO FSO with repetition coding across lasers at the transmitter and equal gain combining or maximal ratio combining at the receiver.