Assessing agreement on classification tasks: the kappa statistic
Computational Linguistics
The interactive museum tour-guide robot
AAAI '98/IAAI '98 Proceedings of the fifteenth national/tenth conference on Artificial intelligence/Innovative applications of artificial intelligence
How may I serve you?: a robot companion approaching a seated person in a helping context
Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCHI/SIGART conference on Human-robot interaction
Interactive humanoid robots for a science museum
Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCHI/SIGART conference on Human-robot interaction
Natural person-following behavior for social robots
Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction
Humanoid robots as a passive-social medium: a field experiment at a train station
Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction
A semi-autonomous communication robot: a field trial at a train station
Proceedings of the 3rd ACM/IEEE international conference on Human robot interaction
Who will be the customer?: a social robot that anticipates people's behavior from their trajectories
UbiComp '08 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Ubiquitous computing
Footing in human-robot conversations: how robots might shape participant roles using gaze cues
Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human robot interaction
How to approach humans?: strategies for social robots to initiate interaction
Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human robot interaction
HRI '12 Proceedings of the seventh annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-Robot Interaction
Cooperative social robots to accompany groups of people
International Journal of Robotics Research
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Tour guidance is a common task of social robots. Such a robot must be able to encourage the participation of people who are not directly interacting with it. We are particularly interested in encouraging people to overhear its interaction with others, since it has often been observed that even people who hesitate to interact with a robot are willing to observe its activity. To encourage such participation as bystanders, we developed a robot that walks backwards based on observations of human tour guides. Our developed system uses a robust human tracking system that enables a robot to guide people by walking forward/backward and allows us to scrutinize people's behavior after the experiment. We conducted a field experiment to compare the ratios of overhearing in "walking forward" and "walking backward." The experimental results revealed that in fact people do more often overhear the robot's conversation in the "walking backward" condition.