GloMoSim: a library for parallel simulation of large-scale wireless networks
PADS '98 Proceedings of the twelfth workshop on Parallel and distributed simulation
Routing with guaranteed delivery in ad hoc wireless networks
DIALM '99 Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Discrete algorithms and methods for mobile computing and communications
Multicast operation of the ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol
MobiCom '99 Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking
GPSR: greedy perimeter stateless routing for wireless networks
MobiCom '00 Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Geography-informed energy conservation for Ad Hoc routing
Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Scalable multicasting: the core-assisted mesh protocol
Mobile Networks and Applications
Adaptive demand-driven multicast routing in multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks
MobiHoc '01 Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing
On-demand multicast routing protocol in multihop wireless mobile networks
Mobile Networks and Applications
Small Group Multicast: A New Solution for Multicasting on the Internet
IEEE Internet Computing
Worst-Case optimal and average-case efficient geometric ad-hoc routing
Proceedings of the 4th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing
PEAS: A Robust Energy Conserving Protocol for Long-lived Sensor Networks
ICDCS '03 Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems
GMP: Distributed Geographic Multicast Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks
ICDCS '06 Proceedings of the 26th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems
IEEE Network: The Magazine of Global Internetworking
ICISS'11 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Information Systems Security
EDR: efficient data routing in wireless sensor networks
International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing
Energy-efficient and reliable data delivery in wireless sensor networks
Wireless Networks
IPv6 Multicast Forwarding in RPL-Based Wireless Sensor Networks
Wireless Personal Communications: An International Journal
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Wireless sensor networks comprise typically dense deployments of large networks of small wireless capable sensor devices. In such networks, multicast is a fundamental routing service for efficient data dissemination required for activities such as code updates, task assignment and targeted queries. In particular, efficient multicast for sensor networks is critical due to the limited energy availability in such networks. Multicast protocols that exploit location information available from GPS or localization algorithms are more efficient and robust than other stateful protocols as they avoid the difficulty of maintaining distributed state (multicast tree). Since localization is typically already required for sensing applications, this location information can simply be reused for optimizing multicast performance at no extra cost. Recently, two protocols were proposed to optimize two orthogonal aspects of location-based multicast protocols: GMR (Sanchez et al. GMR: Geographic multicast routing for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE SECON, 2006) improves the forwarding efficiency by exploiting the wireless multicast advantage but it suffers from scalability issues when dealing with large sensor networks. On the other hand, HRPM (Das et al. Distributed hashing for scalable multicast in wireless ad hoc networks. IEEE TPDS 47(4):445---487, 2007) reduces the encoding overhead by constructing a hierarchy at virtually no maintenance cost via the use of geographic hashing but it is energy-inefficient due to inefficacies in forwarding data packets. In this paper, we present HGMR (hierarchical geographic multicast routing), a new location-based multicast protocol that seamlessly incorporates the key design concepts of GMR and HRPM and optimizes them for wireless sensor networks by providing both forwarding efficiency (energy efficiency) as well as scalability to large networks. Our simulation studies show that: (i) In an ideal environment, HGMR incurs a number of transmissions either very close to or lower than GMR, and, at the same time, an encoding overhead very close to HRPM, as the group size or the network size increases. (ii) In a realistic environment, HGMR, like HRPM, achieves a Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) that is close to perfect and much higher than GMR. Further, HGMR has the lowest packet delivery latency among the three protocols, while incurring much fewer packet transmissions than HRPM. (iii) HGMR is equally efficient with both uniform and non-uniform group member distributions.