The use of eye movements in human-computer interaction techniques: what you look at is what you get
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS) - Special issue on computer—human interaction
A Calibration-Free Gaze Tracking Technique
ICPR '00 Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition - Volume 4
Eye Tracking Methodology: Theory and Practice
Eye Tracking Methodology: Theory and Practice
One-point calibration gaze tracking based on eyeball kinematics using stereo cameras
Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
Calibration-free eye tracking by reconstruction of the pupil ellipse in 3D space
Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
Calibration-free gaze tracking using a binocular 3D eye model
CHI '09 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Development of a skill acquisition support system using expert's eye movement
Proceedings of the 2007 conference on Human interface: Part II
A novel approach to 3-D gaze tracking using stereo cameras
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
A probabilistic approach for the estimation of angle kappa in infants
Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications
Analysing the potential of adapting head-mounted eye tracker calibration to a new user
Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications
Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications
Improving Head Movement Tolerance of Cross-Ratio Based Eye Trackers
International Journal of Computer Vision
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This paper presents a user-calibration-free method for estimating the point of gaze (POG) on a display accurately with estimation of the horizontal angles between the visual and the optical axes of both eyes. By using one pair of cameras and two light sources, the optical axis of the eye can be estimated. This estimation is carried out by using a spherical model of the cornea. The point of intersection of the optical axis of the eye with the display is termed POA. By detecting the POAs of both the eyes, the POG is approximately estimated as the midpoint of the line joining the POAs of both the eyes on the basis of the binocular eye model; therefore, we can estimate the horizontal angles between the visual and the optical axes of both the eyes without requiring user calibration. We have developed a prototype system based on this method using a 19" display with two pairs of stereo cameras. We evaluated the system experimentally with 20 subjects who were at a distance of 600 mm from the display. The result shows that the average of the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of measurement of POG in the display screen coordinate system is 16.55 mm (equivalent to less than 1.58°).