Twenty Years of Document Image Analysis in PAMI
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
The Document Spectrum for Page Layout Analysis
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Skew and Slant Correction for Document Images Using Gradient Direction
ICDAR '97 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Skewscope: The Textual Document Skew Detector
ICDAR '03 Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition - Volume 1
A method of detecting the orientation of aligned components
Pattern Recognition Letters
Convex hull based skew estimation
Pattern Recognition
Skew estimation of document images using bagging
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Finding the best-fit bounding-boxes
DAS'06 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Document Analysis Systems
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Skew estimation for textual document images is a well-researched topic and numerals of methods have been reported in the literature. One of the major challenges is the presence of interfering non-textual objects of various types and quantities in the document images. Many existing methods require proper separation of the textual objects which are well aligned from the non-textual objects which are mostly nonaligned. Some comparative evaluation work on the existing methods chooses only the text zones of the test image database. Therefore, the object filtering or zoning stage is crucial to the skew detection stage. However, it is difficult if not impossible to design general-purpose filters that are able to discriminate noises from textual components. This paper presents a robust, general-purpose skew estimation method that does not need any filtering or zoning preprocessing. In fact, this method does apply filtering, but not on the input components at the beginning of the detection process, rather on the output spectrum at the end of the detection process. Therefore, the problem of finding a textual component filter has been transformed into finding a convolution filter on the output accumulator array. This method consists of three steps: (1) the calculation of the slopes of the virtual lines that pass through the centroids of all the unique pairs of the connected components in an image, and quantizes the arctangents of the slopes into a 1-D accumulator array that covers the range from -90^@? to +90^@?; (2) a special convolution on the resultant histogram, after which there remain only the prominent peaks that possibly correspond to the skew angles of the image; (3) the verification of the detection result. Its computational complexity and detection precision are uncoupled, unlike those projection-profile-based or Hough-transform-based methods whose speeds drop when higher precision is in demand. Speedup measures on the baseline implementation are also presented. The University of Washington English Document Image Database I (UWDB-I) contains a large number of scanned document images with significant amount of non-textual objects. Therefore, it is a good image database for evaluating the proposed method.