Handbook of Applied Cryptography
Handbook of Applied Cryptography
A Highly Regular and Scalable AES Hardware Architecture
IEEE Transactions on Computers
RFID Handbook: Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards and Identification
RFID Handbook: Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards and Identification
The blocker tag: selective blocking of RFID tags for consumer privacy
Proceedings of the 10th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Minimalist cryptography for low-cost RFID tags (extended abstract)
SCN'04 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Security in Communication Networks
Finding collisions in the full SHA-1
CRYPTO'05 Proceedings of the 25th annual international conference on Advances in Cryptology
How to break MD5 and other hash functions
EUROCRYPT'05 Proceedings of the 24th annual international conference on Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques
Implementation and performance evaluation of an active RFID system for fast tag collection
Computer Communications
A study on efficient OTP generation using stream cipher with random digit
ICACT'10 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Advanced communication technology
| Hi-index | 0.00 |
One of the most promising applications of active RFID tags is electronic seal, which is an electronic device to guarantee the authenticity and integrity of freight containers and also provides physical protection like a lock. There are already many commercial electronic seal products and ongoing standardization activities such as ISO-18185 drafts. While electronic seals can provide freight containers with a high level of tamper resistance, the security problem of electronic seal itself should be solved, and a feasible solution would be to use symmetric key cryptography based primitives such as block ciphers and message authentication codes (MACs). This kind of approach has already been used in many security-related standards and it requires the implementation of pseudorandom functions (PRFs) for key derivation and authentication. In this paper, we consider secure and efficient implementation of PRFs on electronic seals and interrogators. We implement block cipher based PRFs and hash based PRFs and compare them from the viewpoint of efficiency. Since practical PRFs can be directly implemented using MACs, we consider implementation of various message authentication schemes; HMAC-MD5, HMAC-SHA1, AES-CBC-MAC, AES-CMAC and AESXCBC-MAC. For interrogators, we design FPGA modules for these MAC algorithms since an interrogator has to guarantee high throughput to communicate with many electronic seals simultaneously. According to our analysis, AES based MACs consume smaller areas and their throughputs are significantly higher than hash based ones. For electronic seals, we implement MAC algorithms as a form of software module (C and assembly codes) over a small-scale microcontroller. Our experimental results show that AES based modules show much better performance, which coincide with the results in hardware implementation. Finally, we improve the above implementations further, where we concentrate on the optimization of AES based MACs. We use several well-known techniques such as use of block RAMs in FPGA, and loop unrolling and register reallocation in assembly code.