A survey of CORDIC algorithms for FPGA based computers
FPGA '98 Proceedings of the 1998 ACM/SIGDA sixth international symposium on Field programmable gate arrays
JouleTrack: a web based tool for software energy profiling
Proceedings of the 38th annual Design Automation Conference
Adaptive wideband aeroacoustic array processing
SSAP '96 Proceedings of the 8th IEEE Signal Processing Workshop on Statistical Signal and Array Processing (SSAP '96)
Computation hierarchy for in-network processing
WSNA '03 Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international conference on Wireless sensor networks and applications
Power-aware microsensor design
ICCAD '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE/ACM International conference on Computer-aided design
A modular power-aware microsensor with 1000X dynamic power range
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
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We investigated tradeoffs between accuracy and battery-energy longevity of acoustic beamforming on disposable sensor nodes subject to varying key parameters: number of microphones, duration of sampling, number of search angles, and CPU clock. Beyond finding the most energy efficient implementation of the beamforming algorithm at a specified accuracy, we enable application-level selection of accuracy based on the energy required to achieve this accuracy. We measured the energy consumed by the HiDRA node, provided by Rockwell Science Center, employing a 133-MHz StrongARM processor. We compared the accuracy and energy of our time-domain beamformer to a Fourier-domain algorithm provided by the Army Research Laboratory (ARL). With statistically identical accuracy, we measured a 300x improvement in energy efficiency of the CPU relative to this baseline. We present other algorithms under development that combine results from multiple nodes to provide more accurate line-of-bearing estimates despite wind and target elevation.