Response time and display rate in human performance with computers
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
The M/G/1 queue with processor sharing and its relation to a feedback queue
Queueing Systems: Theory and Applications
Waiting Time Distributions for Processor-Sharing Systems
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
Performance Guarantees for Web Server End-Systems: A Control-Theoretical Approach
IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems
Web Server Software Architectures
IEEE Internet Computing
Cataclysm: policing extreme overloads in internet applications
WWW '05 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on World Wide Web
An analytical model for multi-tier internet services and its applications
SIGMETRICS '05 Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Resource Allocation for Autonomic Data Centers using Analytic Performance Models
ICAC '05 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Automatic Computing
Modelling End-to-end Quality-of-Service for Transaction-Based Services in Multi-Domain Environments
ICWS '06 Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Web Services
Autonomic Provisioning of Backend Databases in Dynamic Content Web Servers
ICAC '06 Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Conference on Autonomic Computing
Blackbox prediction of the impact of DVFS on end-to-end performance of multitier systems
ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review
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Many Internet applications employ multi-tier software architectures. The performance of such multi-tier Internet applications is typically measured by the end-to-end response times. Most of the earlier works in modeling the response times of such systems have limited their study to modeling the mean. However, since the user-perceived performance is highly influenced by the variability in response times, the variance of the response times is important as well. We first develop a simple model for the end-to-end response times for multi-tiered Internet applications. We validate the model by real data from two large-scale applications that are widely deployed on the Internet. Second, we derive exact and approximate expressions for the mean and the variance, respectively, of the end-to-end response times. Extensive numerical validation shows that the approximations match very well with simulations. These observations make the results presented highly useful for capacity planning and performance prediction of large-scale multi-tiered Internet applications.