SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Helper agent: designing an assistant for human-human interaction in a virtual meeting space
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The social life of small graphical chat spaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Avatars!; Exploring and Building Virtual Worlds on the Internet
Avatars!; Exploring and Building Virtual Worlds on the Internet
Exms: an animated and avatar-based messaging system for expressive peer communication
GROUP '03 Proceedings of the 2003 international ACM SIGGROUP conference on Supporting group work
Cross-Cultural Study of Avatar Expression Interpretations
SAINT '06 Proceedings of the International Symposium on Applications on Internet
Design and development of a pictogram communication system for children around the world
IWIC'07 Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Intercultural collaboration
Culturally-situated pictogram retrieval
IWIC'07 Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Intercultural collaboration
Atoms of bonding: communication components bridging children worldwide
IWIC'07 Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Intercultural collaboration
Cross-Cultural Evaluations of Avatar Facial Expressions Designed by Western Designers
IVA '08 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Models of Culture for Virtual Human Conversation
UAHCI '09 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Part III: Applications and Services
Design and development of a pictogram communication system for children around the world
IWIC'07 Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Intercultural collaboration
Culturally-situated pictogram retrieval
IWIC'07 Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Intercultural collaboration
Emotion eliciting events in the workplace: an intercultural comparison
IWIC'07 Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Intercultural collaboration
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Avatars are increasingly used to express our emotions in our online communications. Such avatars are used based on the assumption that avatar expressions are interpreted universally among any cultures. However, our former study showed there are cultural differences in interpreting avatar facial expressions. This paper summarizes the results of cross cultural evaluations of avatar expressions among five Asian countries. The goals of this study are: 1) to investigate cultural differences in avatar expression evaluation and apply findings from Psychological study in human facial expression recognition, 2) to identify design features that cause cultural differences in avatar facial expression interpretation. The results confirmed that 1) there are cultural differences in interpreting avatars' facial expressions among Asian countries, and the psychological theory that suggests physical proximity affects facial expression recognition accuracy is also applicable to avatar facial expressions, 2) use of gestures and gesture marks may sometimes cause counter-effects in recognizing avatar facial expressions.