A Descriptive Study of the Functional Components of Browsing
Proceedings of the IFIP TC2/WG2.7 Working Conference on Engineering for Human-Computer Interaction
The Eyes Have It: A Task by Data Type Taxonomy for Information Visualizations
VL '96 Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages
Tactons: structured tactile messages for non-visual information display
AUIC '04 Proceedings of the fifth conference on Australasian user interface - Volume 28
Haptic pen: a tactile feedback stylus for touch screens
Proceedings of the 17th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Multimodal interfaces for camera phones
Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Human computer interaction with mobile devices and services
Investigating touchscreen accessibility for people with visual impairments
Proceedings of the 5th Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction: building bridges
Vibrotactile feedback to aid blind users of mobile guides
Journal of Visual Languages and Computing
Metro navigation for the blind
Computers & Education
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Exploring any new data set always starts with gathering overview information. When this process is done non-visually, interactive sonification techniques have proved to be effective and efficient ways of getting overview information, particularly for users who are blind or visually impaired. Under certain conditions, however, the process of data analysis cannot be completed due to saturation of the user's working memory. This paper introduces EMA-Tactons, vibrotactile external memory aids that are intended to support working memory during the process of data analysis, combining vibrotactile and audio stimuli in a multimodal interface. An iterative process led to a design that significantly improves the performance (in terms of effectiveness) of users solving complex data explorations. The results provide information about the convenience of using EMA-Tactons with other auditory displays, and the iterative design process illustrates the challenges of designing multimodal interaction techniques.