How addressees affect spatial perspective choice in dialogue
Representation and processing of spatial expressions
Language and Spatial Cognition
Language and Spatial Cognition
Grounded semantic composition for visual scenes
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
Affordance-based human-robot interaction
Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Towards affordance-based robot control
Identifying objects on the basis of spatial contrast: an empirical study
SC'04 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Spatial Cognition: reasoning, Action, Interaction
Linguistic principles for spatial relational reasoning
SC'12 Proceedings of the 2012 international conference on Spatial Cognition VIII
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The ways in which objects are referred to by using spatial language depend on many factors, including the spatial configuration and the discourse context. We present the results of a web experiment in which speakers were asked to either describe where a specified item was located in a picture containing several items, or which item was specified. Furthermore, conditions differed as to whether the first six configurations were specifically simple or specifically complex. Results show that speakers' spatial descriptions are more detailed if the question is where rather than which, mirroring the fact that contrasting the target item from the others in which tasks may not always require an equally detailed spatial description as in where tasks. Furthermore, speakers are influenced by the complexity of initial configurations in intricate ways: on the one hand, individual speakers tend to self-align with respect to their earlier linguistic strategies; however, also a contrast effect could be identified with respect to the usage of combined projective terms.