Security in computing
The Data Encryption Standard (DES) and its strength against attacks
IBM Journal of Research and Development
White-Box Cryptography and an AES Implementation
SAC '02 Revised Papers from the 9th Annual International Workshop on Selected Areas in Cryptography
Differential Cryptanalysis of Snefru, Khafre, REDOC-II, LOKI and Lucifer
CRYPTO '91 Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
Clarifying Obfuscation: Improving the Security of White-Box DES
ITCC '05 Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing (ITCC'05) - Volume I - Volume 01
Cryptanalysis of a white box AES implementation
SAC'04 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Selected Areas in Cryptography
Cache attacks and countermeasures: the case of AES
CT-RSA'06 Proceedings of the 2006 The Cryptographers' Track at the RSA conference on Topics in Cryptology
Related-key rectangle attacks on reduced AES-192 and AES-256
FSE'07 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Fast Software Encryption
Mechanism for software tamper resistance: an application of white-box cryptography
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM workshop on Digital Rights Management
Towards Security Notions for White-Box Cryptography
ISC '09 Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Information Security
Code obfuscation against static and dynamic reverse engineering
IH'11 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Information hiding
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At DRM 2002, Chow et al. [4] presented a method for implementing the DES block cipher such that it becomes hard to extract the embedded secret key in a white-box attack context. In such a context, an attacker has full access to the implementation and its execution environment. In order to provide an extra level of security, an implementation shielded with external encodings was introduced by Chow et al. and improved by Link and Neumann [10]. In this paper, we present an algorithm to extract the secret key from such white-box DES implementations. The cryptanalysis is a differential attack on obfuscated rounds, and works regardless of the shielding external encodings that are applied. The cryptanalysis has a average time complexity of 214 and a negligible space complexity.