Passwords in use in a university timesharing environment
Computers and Security
Password security: a case history
Communications of the ACM
Safe and sound: a safety-critical approach to security
Proceedings of the 2001 workshop on New security paradigms
The domino effect of password reuse
Communications of the ACM - Human-computer etiquette
Password Memorability and Security: Empirical Results
IEEE Security and Privacy
Using personal photos as pictorial passwords
CHI '05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
PassPoints: design and longitudinal evaluation of a graphical password system
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special isssue: HCI research in privacy and security is critical now
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special isssue: HCI research in privacy and security is critical now
Déjà Vu: a user study using images for authentication
SSYM'00 Proceedings of the 9th conference on USENIX Security Symposium - Volume 9
Improving password security and memorability to protect personal and organizational information
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Examining user privacy practices while shopping online: what are users looking for?
Proceedings of the 2007 conference on Human interface: Part II
Assessment of E-Commerce security using AHP and evidential reasoning
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
On authentication factors: "what you can" and "how you do it"
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks
The influence of password restrictions and mnemonics on the memory for passwords of older adults
HCI International'13 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Human Interface and the Management of Information: information and interaction design - Volume Part I
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Complex passwords are hard to remember, so people often pick simple passwords, write complex ones down, and reuse the same password across multiple accounts. Proactive password checking (PPC) restrictions and mnemonic techniques can enhance password security and memorability. Participants in this study were assigned to one of three password generation groups: PPC restrictions alone, image-based mnemonic, or text-based mnemonic. They were asked to generate and later recall passwords for five separate fictitious online accounts. The use of mnemonic techniques resulted in the generation of longer and more complex passwords. Furthermore, passwords were more accurately recalled when they were generated using the image-based mnemonic technique or PPC restrictions alone, as opposed to the text-based mnemonic technique. However, passwords generated using PPC restrictions alone were more easily forgotten and susceptible to being cracked. Thus, the image-based mnemonic technique was shown to be the most effective method for generating secure and memorable passwords.