C4.5: programs for machine learning
C4.5: programs for machine learning
Coding, Analysis, Interpretation, and Recognition of Facial Expressions
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Automatic Analysis of Facial Expressions: The State of the Art
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Recognizing Action Units for Facial Expression Analysis
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Face Recognition Using Active Appearance Models
ECCV '98 Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Computer Vision-Volume II - Volume II
The Use of Active Shape Models for Locating Structures in Medical Images
IPMI '93 Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Information Processing in Medical Imaging
Comprehensive Database for Facial Expression Analysis
FG '00 Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2000
Methodological Issues of Real Time Data Acquisition from Multiple Sources of Physiological Data
HICSS '03 Proceedings of the 36th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'03) - Track 5 - Volume 5
Emotion Recognition Using a Cauchy Naive Bayes Classifier
ICPR '02 Proceedings of the 16 th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR'02) Volume 1 - Volume 1
Virtual agent interactions
Facial expression recognition from video sequences: temporal and static modeling
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue on Face recognition
Real time facial expression recognition in video using support vector machines
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Real-Time Facial Expression Recognition Based on Boosted Embedded Hidden Markov Model
ICIG '04 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Image and Graphics
Recognizing Facial Expression: Machine Learning and Application to Spontaneous Behavior
CVPR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Volume 2 - Volume 02
The utility of affect expression in natural language interactions in joint human-robot tasks
Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCHI/SIGART conference on Human-robot interaction
A Person and Context Specific Approach for Skin Color Classification
ICPR '06 Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition - Volume 02
Learning Local Objective Functions for Robust Face Model Fitting
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
UM'03 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on User modeling
Learning robust objective functions with application to face model fitting
Proceedings of the 29th DAGM conference on Pattern recognition
Function meets style: insights from emotion theory applied to HRI
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews
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To be effective in the human world robots must respond to human emotional states. This paper focuses on the recognition of the six universal human facial expressions. In the last decade there has been successful research on facial expression recognition (FER) in controlled conditions suitable for human-computer interaction [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. However the human-robot scenario presents additional challenges including a lack of control over lighting conditions and over the relative poses and separation of the robot and human, the inherent mobility of robots, and stricter real time computational requirements dictated by the need for robots to respond in a timely fashion. Our approach imposes lower computational requirements by specifically adapting model-based techniques to the FER scenario. It contains adaptive skin color extraction, localization of the entire face and facial components, and specifically learned objective functions for fitting a deformable face model. Experimental evaluation reports a recognition rate of 70% on the Cohn-Kanade facial expression database, and 67% in a robot scenario, which compare well to other FER systems.