The connection machine
Distributed Representations, Simple Recurrent Networks, And Grammatical Structure
Machine Learning - Connectionist approaches to language learning
CYC: a large-scale investment in knowledge infrastructure
Communications of the ACM
Understanding intelligence
Conceptual Information Processing
Conceptual Information Processing
Understanding Natural Language
Understanding Natural Language
The Artificial Life Route to Artificial Intelligence: Building Embodied, Situated Agents
The Artificial Life Route to Artificial Intelligence: Building Embodied, Situated Agents
Introduction to Multiagent Systems
Introduction to Multiagent Systems
Knowledge-Level in Expert Systems: Conversations and Commentary
Knowledge-Level in Expert Systems: Conversations and Commentary
Semiotic Dynamics for Embodied Agents
IEEE Intelligent Systems
How the Body Shapes the Way We Think: A New View of Intelligence (Bradford Books)
How the Body Shapes the Way We Think: A New View of Intelligence (Bradford Books)
AI in the 21st century - with historical reflections
50 years of artificial intelligence
Geospatial semantics: a critical review
ICCSA'10 Proceedings of the 2010 international conference on Computational Science and Its Applications - Volume Part I
A Cognitive Framework for Core Language Understanding and its Computational Implementation
International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence
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There are many stories to tell about the first fifty years of AI. One story is about AI as one of the big forces of innovation in information technology. It is now forgotten that initially computers were just viewed as calculating machines. AI has moved that boundary, by projecting visions on what might be possible, and by building technologies to realise them. Another story is about the applications of AI. Knowledge systems were still a rarity in the late seventies but are now everywhere, delivered through the web. Knowledge systems routinely deal with financial and legal problem solving, diagnosis and maintenance of power plants and transportation networks, symbolic mathematics, scheduling, etc. The innovative aspects of search engines like Google are almost entirely based on the information extraction, data mining, semantic networks and machine learning techniques pioneered in AI. Popular games like SimCity are straightforward applications of multi-agent systems. Sophisticated language processing capacities are now routinely embedded in text processing systems like Microsoft's Word. Tens of millions of people use AI technology every day, often without knowing it or without wondering how these information systems can do all these things. In this essay I will focus however on another story: AI as a contributor to the scientific study of mind.