The flooding time synchronization protocol
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Castalia: revealing pitfalls in designing distributed algorithms in WSN
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Temperature Compensated Time Synchronization
IEEE Embedded Systems Letters
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
An accurate on-demand time synchronization protocol for wireless sensor networks
Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing
Long term and large scale time synchronization in wireless sensor networks
Computer Communications
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Time-critical parts of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications, like medium access (MAC) and synchronization protocols, require an accurate timing analysis of their behavior. Meaningful simulation results are only achieved when the simulator provides a realistic model of the node's hardware (HW) clock. This paper provides three main contributions: (1) a realistic clock-drift model that allows to simulate HW clocks with an accuracy error of less than 1 μsec, (2) a clear interface to schedule timers/events that abstracts the artificial simulation time from the user and ensures that the HW time is used when implementing applications, and (3) a clock translator that converts the HW time of a node to the simulation time when scheduling events (hidden from the user). We implement and validate these extensions in Castalia, a WSNs simulator based on the OMNeT++ platform. We show that they have only minimal effects on the memory and processing demands of the simulation.