Automatic thumbnail cropping and its effectiveness
Proceedings of the 16th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Seam carving for content-aware image resizing
ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 papers
Crowdsourcing user studies with Mechanical Turk
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Psychophysics 101: how to run perception experiments in computer graphics
ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 classes
Optimized scale-and-stretch for image resizing
ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2008 papers
A system for retargeting of streaming video
ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2009 papers
The complexity of perception of image distortion: an initial study
CHI '10 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Semantic metric for image library exploration
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
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Resizing images for different devices often involves changing the aspect ratio. A wide variety of approaches for resizing exist: sophisticated "content-aware" (or retargeting) approaches are built on the assumption that carefully chosen distortions are preferable to the naïve approach of uniformly stretching the image. However, there is little codified understanding of how distortions of the image, including uniform stretching or more complex warps introduced by retargeting, are perceived. In this paper, we describe experiments that explore the perception of image stretching, to establish the baseline for assessing more complex resizing methods, as well as to establish the methodology. In a series of experiments, we show that the perception of stretching is a complex phenomenon depending on a myriad of factors including the amount of distortion, the image content, the viewer's cultural background, and the observation time. We provide a methodology for creating images that avoid unfair cues to stretching and explore issues in using online worker communities for studies. We show that even small stretches can be detected in some cases. These findings have ramifications for the design and evaluation of image retargeting, and suggest that a more thorough study of distortion perception is necessary.