ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
A case for redundant arrays of inexpensive disks (RAID)
SIGMOD '88 Proceedings of the 1988 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
EVENODD: an optimal scheme for tolerating double disk failures in RAID architectures
ISCA '94 Proceedings of the 21st annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Disk Scrubbing in Large Archival Storage Systems
MASCOTS '04 Proceedings of the The IEEE Computer Society's 12th Annual International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunications Systems
Proceedings of the twentieth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Awarded Best Paper! -- Row-Diagonal Parity for Double Disk Failure Correction
FAST '04 Proceedings of the 3rd USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies
HoVer Erasure Codes For Disk Arrays
DSN '06 Proceedings of the International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks
A fresh look at the reliability of long-term digital storage
Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGOPS/EuroSys European Conference on Computer Systems 2006
WEAVER codes: highly fault tolerant erasure codes for storage systems
FAST'05 Proceedings of the 4th conference on USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies - Volume 4
Enhanced Reliability Modeling of RAID Storage Systems
DSN '07 Proceedings of the 37th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks
Determining Fault Tolerance of XOR-Based Erasure Codes Efficiently
DSN '07 Proceedings of the 37th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks
An analysis of latent sector errors in disk drives
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Improving file system reliability with I/O shepherding
Proceedings of twenty-first ACM SIGOPS symposium on Operating systems principles
ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS)
Disk scrubbing versus intra-disk redundancy for high-reliability raid storage systems
SIGMETRICS '08 Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Hard-disk drives: the good, the bad, and the ugly
Communications of the ACM - One Laptop Per Child: Vision vs. Reality
International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications
End-to-end data integrity for file systems: a ZFS case study
FAST'10 Proceedings of the 8th USENIX conference on File and storage technologies
A clean-slate look at disk scrubbing
FAST'10 Proceedings of the 8th USENIX conference on File and storage technologies
Survey and analysis of disk scheduling methods
ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News
Scalable testing of file system checkers
Proceedings of the 7th ACM european conference on Computer Systems
Rebuild processing in RAID5 with emphasis on the supplementary parity augmentation method[37]
ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News
Hierarchical RAID: Design, performance, reliability, and recovery
Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing
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Latent sector errors (LSEs) refer to the situation where particular sectors on a drive become inaccessible. LSEs are a critical factor in data reliability, since a single LSE can lead to data loss when encountered during RAID reconstruction after a disk failure or in systems without redundancy. LSEs happen at a significant rate in the field [Bairavasundaram et al. 2007], and are expected to grow more frequent with new drive technologies and increasing drive capacities. While two approaches, data scrubbing and intra-disk redundancy, have been proposed to reduce data loss due to LSEs, none of these approaches has been evaluated on real field data. This article makes two contributions. We provide an extended statistical analysis of latent sector errors in the field, specifically from the view point of how to protect against LSEs. In addition to providing interesting insights into LSEs, we hope the results (including parameters for models we fit to the data) will help researchers and practitioners without access to data in driving their simulations or analysis of LSEs. Our second contribution is an evaluation of five different scrubbing policies and five different intra-disk redundancy schemes and their potential in protecting against LSEs. Our study includes schemes and policies that have been suggested before, but have never been evaluated on field data, as well as new policies that we propose based on our analysis of LSEs in the field.