Liquid Nitrogen CMOS for Computer Applications
ICCD '91 Proceedings of the 1991 IEEE International Conference on Computer Design on VLSI in Computer & Processors
High-end server low-temperature cooling
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Hybrid cooling with cycle steering in the IBM eServer z990
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Power provisioning for a warehouse-sized computer
Proceedings of the 34th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Green data centers and hot chips
Proceedings of the 46th Annual Design Automation Conference
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Thermal aware server provisioning and workload distribution for internet data centers
Proceedings of the 19th ACM International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing
Toward five-dimensional scaling: how density improves efficiency in future computers
IBM Journal of Research and Development
State-of-the-art research study for green cloud computing
The Journal of Supercomputing
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We have tested hot water data center cooling by directly reusing the generated thermal energy in neighborhood heating systems. First, we introduce high-performance liquid cooling devices with minimal thermal resistance in order to cool a computer system board. This cooling is performed with water at a temperature as high as 608C, thereby eliminating the chillers and their electrical power consumption, and enabling direct reuse of the heat. We collect 85% of the board heat using microscale liquid coolers for CPUs (central processing units), interfaces, and dc (direct current) converters. With our concept, data centers can be cooled in all climate zones throughout the year without a pre-cooled heat carrier. Second, we analyze how the supply of heat and financial payback from customers reduce the total cost of ownership. With 5,000 district heating systems satisfying 9.7% of the thermal demand of Europe, ample opportunities exist for data centers to become heat providers, thereby reducing the associated carbon dioxide emission. Finally, we show how our concept can be developed within 5 years into a zero-emission data center and that such investments are economically viable and ecologically beneficial given increasing energy prices. With such data centers, the IT (information technology) industry can assume a key role in greatly reducing carbon dioxide emissions and global warming by replacing energy-intensive processes with more efficient, digitally assisted processes.