Using statistical testing in the evaluation of retrieval experiments
SIGIR '93 Proceedings of the 16th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Pitch perception and measurement
Music, cognition, and computerized sound
Quantitative methods of evaluating image segmentation
ICIP '95 Proceedings of the 1995 International Conference on Image Processing (Vol. 3)-Volume 3 - Volume 3
Dynamic bayesian networks: representation, inference and learning
Dynamic bayesian networks: representation, inference and learning
Automatic transcription of melody, bass line, and chords in polyphonic music
Computer Music Journal
Tractable inference for complex stochastic processes
UAI'98 Proceedings of the Fourteenth conference on Uncertainty in artificial intelligence
IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing
Melody Extraction and Musical Onset Detection via Probabilistic Models of Framewise STFT Peak Data
IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing
Enhancing chord recognition accuracy using web resources
Proceedings of 3rd international workshop on Machine learning and music
Probabilistic and logic-based modelling of harmony
CMMR'10 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Exploring music contents
IEA/AIE'12 Proceedings of the 25th international conference on Industrial Engineering and Other Applications of Applied Intelligent Systems: advanced research in applied artificial intelligence
Adaptive music retrieval---a state of the art
Multimedia Tools and Applications
On the Relative Importance of Individual Components of Chord Recognition Systems
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech and Language Processing (TASLP)
Automatic Chord Estimation from Audio: A Review of the State of the Art
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech and Language Processing (TASLP)
Automatic music transcription: challenges and future directions
Journal of Intelligent Information Systems
Feature learning and deep architectures: new directions for music informatics
Journal of Intelligent Information Systems
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Chord labels provide a concise description of musical harmony. In pop and jazz music, a sequence of chord labels is often the only written record of a song, and forms the basis of so-called lead sheets. We devise a fully automatic method to simultaneously estimate from an audio waveform the chord sequence including bass notes, the metric positions of chords, and the key. The core of the method is a six-layered dynamic Bayesian network, in which the four hidden source layers jointly model metric position, key, chord, and bass pitch class, while the two observed layers model low-level audio features corresponding to bass and treble tonal content. Using 109 different chords our method provides substantially more harmonic detail than previous approaches while maintaining a high level of accuracy. We show that with 71 % correctly classified chords our method significantly exceeds the state of the art when tested against manually annotated ground truth transcriptions on the 176 audio tracks from the MIREX 2008 Chord Detection Task. We introduce a measure of segmentation quality and show that bass and meter modeling are especially beneficial for obtaining the correct level of granularity.