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IEEE Internet Computing
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NOSSDAV '04 Proceedings of the 14th international workshop on Network and operating systems support for digital audio and video
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ICDCS '07 Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems
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ICPPW '07 Proceedings of the 2007 International Conference on Parallel Processing Workshops
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CoNEXT '06 Proceedings of the 2006 ACM CoNEXT conference
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IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
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ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMCCAP)
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The Fourth International Conference on Heterogeneous Networking for Quality, Reliability, Security and Robustness & Workshops
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IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
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IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
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IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
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NSDI'12 Proceedings of the 9th USENIX conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation
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This article presents results from our measurement and modeling efforts on the large-scale peer-to-peer (p2p) overlay graphs spanned by the PPLive system, the most popular and largest p2p IPTV (Internet Protocol Television) system today. Unlike other previous studies on PPLive, which focused on either network-centric or user-centric measurements of the system, our study is unique in (a) focusing on PPLive overlay-specific characteristics, and (b) being the first to derive mathematical models for its distributions of node degree, session length, and peer participation in simultaneous overlays. Our studies reveal characteristics of multimedia streaming p2p overlays that are markedly different from existing file-sharing p2p overlays. Specifically, we find that: (1) PPLive overlays are similar to random graphs in structure and thus more robust and resilient to the massive failure of nodes, (2) Average degree of a peer in the overlay is independent of the channel population size and the node degree distribution can be fitted by a piecewise function, (3) The availability correlation between PPLive peer pairs is bimodal, that is, some pairs have highly correlated availability, while others have no correlation, (4) Unlike p2p file-sharing peers, PPLive peers are impatient and session lengths (discretized, per channel) are typically geometrically distributed, (5) Channel population size is time-sensitive, self-repeated, event-dependent, and varies more than in p2p file-sharing networks, (6) Peering relationships are slightly locality-aware, and (7) Peer participation in simultaneous overlays follows a Zipf distribution. We believe that our findings can be used to understand current large-scale p2p streaming systems for future planning of resource usage, and to provide useful and practical hints for future design of large-scale p2p streaming systems.