Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Foundations of cognitive science
Foundations of cognitive science
Swarm intelligence
Evolutionary Algorithms in Engineering Applications
Evolutionary Algorithms in Engineering Applications
Computational Intelligence: An Introduction
Computational Intelligence: An Introduction
Weighting fuzzy classification rules using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Artificial Intelligence: A Systems Approach with CD
Artificial Intelligence: A Systems Approach with CD
Autonomy levels for unmanned systems (ALFUS) framework: safety and application issues
PerMIS '07 Proceedings of the 2007 Workshop on Performance Metrics for Intelligent Systems
No free lunch theorems for optimization
IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation
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Intelligent systems are moving from science to more widespread engineering development and deployment. The objectives of this paper are to suggest design-oriented attributes that may provide a useful basis for classifying systems of systems. The discussion extends existing concepts, such as ALFUS, to complex ad hoc systems of systems wherein the individual elements can be geographically-dispersed and highly and independently mobile, and where the functions normally considered to comprise "intelligence" are distributed across the system. While not fully developed, the suggested extensions frame a discussion of how knowledge is obtained and distributed in such a system. Finally, the paper addresses some of the key challenges in predicting the performance of such complex intelligent systems of systems.