Forward models for physiological motor control
Neural Networks - 1996 Special issue: four major hypotheses in neuroscience
Perception of Delayed Stiffness
International Journal of Robotics Research
A Regression and Boundary-Crossing-Based Model for the Perception of Delayed Stiffness
IEEE Transactions on Haptics
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We studied the effect of delay on perception and action in contact with a force field that emulates elastic soft tissue with a specific rigid nonlinear boundary. Such field is similar to forces exerted on a needle during teleoperated needle insertion tasks. We found that a nonlinear boundary region causes both psychometric and motor overestimation of stiffness, and that delay causes motor but not psychometric underestimation of the stiffness of this nonlinear soft tissue. In addition we show that changing the teleoperation channel gain reduces and can even cancel the motor effect of delay.