Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Affine Parameter Estimation from the Trace Transform
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Feature Based Affine Invariant Watermarking Robust to Geometric Distortions
Fundamenta Informaticae
Robust template matching for affine resistant image watermarks
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Rotation, scale, and translation resilient watermarking for images
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Geometrically invariant watermarking using feature points
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
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In digital image watermark applications, geometric affine transform attacks (including rotation, scaling, change of aspect ratio, translation, shearing etc) can prevent detection of watermarks. In order to solve this problem, we propose an affine resilient watermark algorithm, which uses a trace transform to normalize the image before watermark embedding and detection. Because the normalization is invariant to affine transforms, the watermark vector, which is embedded in the normalized image, is invariant to affine transforms too. What's more, the original host image is not required in watermark detection. Experimental results verify that the false positive rate is very low, and the proposed watermark algorithm is resistant to affine transforms, cropping, noising, JPEG and other image processing attacks.