Improving Audio Watermark Robustness Using Stretched Patterns against Geometric Distortion
PCM '02 Proceedings of the Third IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Multimedia: Advances in Multimedia Information Processing
Informed detection of audio watermark for resolving playback speed modifications
Proceedings of the 2004 workshop on Multimedia and security
Audio watermarking by time-scale modification
ICASSP '01 Proceedings of the Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2001. on IEEE International Conference - Volume 03
Chaos-based discrete fractional Sine transform domain audio watermarking scheme
Computers and Electrical Engineering
Temporal feature modulation for video watermarking
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Robust and high-quality time-domain audio watermarking based on low-frequency amplitude modification
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
Histogram-Based Audio Watermarking Against Time-Scale Modification and Cropping Attacks
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
Oblivious Spatio-Temporal Watermarking of Digital Video by Exploiting the Human Visual System
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
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In the field of audio watermarking, few schemes can resolve the problem of playback speed modification effectively. On the basis of statistical characteristic of DFT domain, a novel robust audio watermarking scheme against playback speed modification is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the original audio signal is segmented and then DFT is performed on each audio frame. Secondly, the absolute average value of DFT coefficients of each audio frame is computed and audio frames with distinct absolute average values are selected as watermark embedding regions. Thirdly, for one selected audio frame, it is divided into many segments, and the DFT domain relations among three neighboring segments are calculated and used to embed watermark bits. Finally, the watermark bits are repeatedly embedded into other selected audio frames. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme has acceptable imperceptibility and robustness against common audio signal processing attacks, including MP3 compression, re-quantization, re-sampling, etc. Furthermore, the ability of resisting playback speed modification and amplitude variation is also satisfactory.