Security without identification: transaction systems to make big brother obsolete
Communications of the ACM
Untraceable off-line cash in wallet with observers
CRYPTO '93 Proceedings of the 13th annual international cryptology conference on Advances in cryptology
Randomized algorithms
Communications of the ACM
Secure and Efficient Off-Line Digital Money (Extended Abstract)
ICALP '93 Proceedings of the 20th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming
Digital Payment Systems with Passive Anonymity-Revoking Trustees
ESORICS '96 Proceedings of the 4th European Symposium on Research in Computer Security: Computer Security
Identity-Based Encryption from the Weil Pairing
CRYPTO '01 Proceedings of the 21st Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
CRYPTO '88 Proceedings of the 8th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
Anonymous Communication and Anonymous Cash
CRYPTO '96 Proceedings of the 16th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
"Indirect Discourse Proof": Achieving Efficient Fair Off-Line E-cash
ASIACRYPT '96 Proceedings of the International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptology and Information Security: Advances in Cryptology
Anonymity Control in E-Cash Systems
FC '97 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Financial Cryptography
Scalable, Server-Passive, User-Anonymous Timed Release Cryptography
ICDCS '05 Proceedings of the 25th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems
Publius: a robust, tamper-evident, censorship-resistant web publishing system
SSYM'00 Proceedings of the 9th conference on USENIX Security Symposium - Volume 9
Tor: the second-generation onion router
SSYM'04 Proceedings of the 13th conference on USENIX Security Symposium - Volume 13
SP '07 Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
Conditional Payments for Computing Markets
CANS '08 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Cryptology and Network Security
Transferred cash grows in size
EUROCRYPT'92 Proceedings of the 11th annual international conference on Theory and application of cryptographic techniques
EUROCRYPT'95 Proceedings of the 14th annual international conference on Theory and application of cryptographic techniques
Improved conditional e-payments
ACNS'08 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Applied cryptography and network security
FC'05 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security
EUROCRYPT'05 Proceedings of the 24th annual international conference on Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques
Efficient and non-interactive timed-release encryption
ICICS'05 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Information and Communications Security
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We introduce a novel conditional e-cash protocol allowing future anonymous cashing of bank-issued e-money only upon the satisfaction of an agreed-upon public condition. Payers are able to remunerate payees for services that depend on future, yet to be determined outcomes of events. Moreover, payees are able to further transfer payments to third parties. Once the payment is complete, any double-spending attempt by the payer will reveal its identity; no double spending by any of payees in the payee transfer chain is possible. Payers cannot be linked to payees or to ongoing or past transactions. The flow of cash within the system is thus both correct and anonymous. We discuss several applications of conditional e-cash including online trading of financial securities, prediction markets, and betting systems.